“…Thus, the plasma concentration of C-reactive protein in RCC-bearing patients (Hu et al, 2014;Ito et al, 2006;Jagdev et al, 2010;Karakiewicz et al, 2007;Lamb, McMillan, Ramsey, & Aitchison, 2006;Steffens et al, 2012) and the presence of an inflammatory gene signature in RCC (Romero et al, 2006;Tan et al, 2011) are linked to a higher tumor grade and positive metastatic status at diagnosis and poor prognosis. In addition, other inflammatory markers are related to poor survival in RCCbearing patients, including an augmented erythrocyte sedimentation rate, leukocytosis, thrombocytosis, and the increased plasmatic concentrations of IL-6 and TNF-α (Dosquet, Coudert, Lepage, Cabane, & Richard, 1997;Dosquet et al, 1994;Escudier et al, 2014;Fox et al, 2013;Negrier et al, 2004;Pichler et al, 2013;Wu et al, 2011;Yoshida et al, 2002). In vitro studies reinforce this concept, since several proinflammatory cytokines (eg, IL-6, TNF-α, hypoxia-inducible factor-α, and matrix metalloproteinase-2) are preferentially produced by the RCC cell lines exhibiting the highest malignant potential (Chuang et al, 2008;Ho et al, 2012;K€ onig et al, 1999).…”