“…While transcriptomics yields gene expression data (i.e., activity of target genes, gene sequence data, and gene expression levels), proteomics and metabolomics approaches are increasingly being used for pathway analysis studies as they can measure protein translation and activity, respectively (Volke et al, 2019 ). Proteomics-guided approaches have been used to engineer polyketide biosynthesis platforms for aromatic compounds in yeast (Jakočiunas et al, 2020 ) and in vitro production of adipic acid (Hagen et al, 2016 ). In addition to this, metabolomics enables the assessment of pathway flux, carbon source diversion, and cofactor imbalance, which all contribute to the identification of pathway bottlenecks (Nielsen and Jewett, 2007 ; Zhao et al, 2020 , Volke et al, 2019 ).…”