Progress in Applications of Prussian Blue Nanoparticles in Biomedicine

Abstract

Prussian blue nanoparticles (PBNPs) with favorable biocompatibility and unique properties have captured the attention of extensive biomedical researchers. A great progress is made in the application of PBNPs as therapy and diagnostics agents in biomedicine. This review begins with the recent synthetic strategies of PBNPs and the regulatory approaches for their size, shape, and uniformity. Then, according to the different properties of PBNPs, their application in biomedicine is summarized in detail. With modifiable features, PBNPs can be used as drug carriers to improve the therapeutic efficacy. Moreover, the exchangeable protons and adsorbability enable PBNPs to decontaminate the radioactive ions from the body. For biomedical imaging, photoacoustic and magnetic resonance imaging based on PBNPs are summarized, as well as the strategies to improve the diagnostic effectiveness. The applications related to the photothermal effects and nanoenzyme activities of PBNPs are described. The challenges and critical factors for the clinical translation of PBNPs as multifunctional theranostic agents are also discussed. Finally, the future prospects for the application of PBNPs are considered. The aim of this review is to provide a better understanding and key consideration for rational design of this increasingly important new paradigm of PBNPs as theranostics.

Photoacoustic Imaging: Contrast Agents and Their Biomedical Applications

“…The C‐HSA‐BOPx‐IR825 NP was employed to test the pH in the tumor region by both ratiometric PA and fluorescence imaging. Other NIR dyes, including naphthalocyanines, phthalocyanine, croconine, squaraine, and Prussian blue, can also serve as PA contrast agents.…”

Peroxidase-like behavior and photothermal effect of chitosan-coated Prussian-blue nanoparticles: dual-modality antibacterial action with enhanced bioaffinity

“…1A) showed multiple sharp diffraction peaks corresponding to the signature face-centered cubic (FCC) lattice of Prussian blue. 23,24 For CHPB NPs, the diffraction peak of Prussian blue at 2y B 17.61 of the (200) plane was observed, albeit with reduced intensity and some broadening, which is attributed to the surface coating with chitosan. Additionally, the analysis revealed that the other peaks at 2y values of 24.71 (220) and 36.41 (400) were common for both cases, suggesting that the surface coating with chitosan does not significantly alter the typical FCC crystal structure of PB.…”

“…Prussian blue (PB) nanoparticles are biocompatible, cost effective and clinically approved mixed valence iron hexacyanoferrates, with the general formula Fe 4 [Fe(CN) 6 ] 3 . 23,24 They are also known to behave as an enzyme peroxidase, with applications in sensing, oxidative modulation, etc. 25,26 Moreover, these nanoparticles have broad band optical absorption in the visible and NIR window, with high molar extinction coefficients and photothermal conversion efficiency.…”

Recent Progress of Nanozymes in the Detection of Pathogenic Microorganisms

“…Up to now, a lot of nanomaterials with enzyme-mimicking properties have been discovered, including metals, metal oxides, metal sulfides, carbon materials, metal-organic frameworks (MOF) and other nanomaterials. For example, Au, [22][23][24][25] Fe 3 O 4 , [12,26,27] MoS 2 , [28] graphene quantum dots (GQDs), [29,30] Au-MOF, [31,32] Prussian blue NPs (PBNPs) [33][34][35][36] have been shown to possess enzyme-like activities. Some MOF-derived metal oxides and even singleatom nanomaterials have been reported to exhibit high enzyme-mimicking activities.…”

“…[37][38][39][40][41] Among them, several nanozymes have shown great potential in the detection of bacteria and viruses. [33][34][35][36]42] According to the World Health Organization, infectious diseases lead to more than 25 % of global deaths, most of which are generated by bacteria and viruses. [43] Contaminated water and food are important sources of infectious diseases.…”