Progress of negative air ions in health tourism environments applications

Abstract

The acknowledge on air ions beneficial bioactivities, especially those negative charge, small size and oxygen composition rich atmospheres; may indicate local environmental quality, increase health tourism attractiveness, promote wellbeing and support therapies. Negative air ions (NAI) microclimates anomalies by natural mechanisms or controlled generations may indicate a natural therapeutic factor (NTF) to the health resort medicine, SPA and wellness tourism development. To identify these kind occurrences and their potential bioactivities, this study employs literature review concerning "air ions" definitions, classifications, genesis, environments, anomalies, NAI/cm 3 measurements, bioactivity range and healthy applications. Followed by sites selection, with comparative features at preferably traditional wellness or health tourism destinations; where "in situ" NAI concentrations are measured for further physical comparisons and likely healing indications at each place maximum NAI value observed. The case studies here are six Brazilian locations: 1. Itaipuland/PR (Cave SPA termal); 2a. Guarapari/ES (Areia Preta beach) y 2b. Guarapari/ES (Seacoast downtown); 3. Aguas de Lindoia/SP (Public balneary and emanatorium); 4. Foz do Iguaçu/PR (Cataratas Waterfalls Park); 5. Caldas de Cipó/BA (Urban public thermal pool); and 6. Piracicaba/SP (Riverside urban forest Park). Mainly NAI generation characteristics and level concentrations evaluated, resemble to their world similar examples reviewed. The values ranging between 2100 to 156000 NAI/cm 3 implies all locations chosen as potential NTF at invigorating environment, clean fresh air atmosphere, satisfactory tourism air quality index, market biological effects to health resort programs and psychological benefits. Just cases destinations 1, 2, 3 and 4 endue ionic density (>15000 NAI/cm 3) possibly used for air ionotherapy treatments, including medical specialties: neurology, rheumatology, dermatology, pneumology and immunology.

Negative Air Ions and Their Effects on Human Health and Air Quality Improvement

“…There are many references to report the possible biological effects [ 24 , 32 , 33 , 35 , 38 , 76 , 77 , 78 , 79 , 80 , 81 , 82 , 83 , 84 , 85 , 86 , 87 , 88 , 89 , 90 , 91 , 92 , 93 , 94 , 95 , 96 , 97 , 98 , 99 , 100 , 101 , 102 , 103 , 104 , 105 , 106 , 107 , 108 , 109 , 110 , 111 , 112 , 113 , 114 , 115 , 116 , 117 , 118 , 119 , 120 , 121 , 122 , 123 , 124 ]. And some of them were listed in Table S2 .…”

“…And some of them were listed in Table S2 . The negative oxygen ion concentration exceeding 1000 ions/cm 3 has been regarded as the threshed value for fresh air and the concentration should be higher for boosting the human immune system ([ 80 ] and references therein). Exposure to NAIs exhibit wide effects on animal/human health, anti-microorganisms and plant growth ( Table S2 ).…”

Rancangan Ruangan Kerja Yang Sehat di Era Kebiasaan Baru dengan Teknologi Covid Buster Sesuai dengan Peraturan Menteri Kesehatan PMK 1077 Tahun 2011

“…Beberapa efek biologis dari Anion antara lain meningkatkan kesehatan manusia dan hewan (Krueger and Reed, 1976), menghilangkan polutan udara, menyegarkan dan memperkaya kandungan oksigen dalam ruang (Lazzerini et al, 2018) dan darah, serta mencegah infeksi Mycobacterium tuberculosis hingga 60% (Escombe et al, 2009). Mengambat infeksi Salmonella enteritidis hingga 96,5 % (Holt et al, 1999), mengurangi penyebaran virus Newcasle Disease di udara hingga 27,7 % (Mitchell and King, 1994), mengurangi konsentrasi Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome virus (PRRSV) antara 68-96% (La et al, 2019) dan dapat juga meningkatkan pertumbuhan tanaman selada (Song et al, 1994).…”

Biological Effects of Negative Air Ions on Human Health and Integrated Multi-omics to Identify Biomarkers: A literature review

“…Convincing epidemiological evidence and clinical investigation suggest that NAIs have many potential biological effects, such as lowering blood pressure (Iwama H et al, 2002),improving body immunity (Lazzerini FT et al, 2018), and improving erythrocyte deformability. In addition, they have also been seen to enhance metabolism (Iwama H, 2004), adjust emotion (Rybalchenko OV et al, 2015), and inhibit the viability of airborne gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria (Comini S et al, 2021;Bowers B et al, 2018).…”