The effect of Ni doping on both electron and phonon transport properties of nanostructured CoSbS was investigated in this study. We found a more than 2 times increase on figure-of-merit (ZT). The noticeable enhancement is mainly attributed to the optimized carrier concentration, high effective mass and strong electron-phonon scattering upon Ni doping. A ZT of 0.5 was achieved at 873 K together with a power factor of 20 µW cm -1 K -2 for the Ni doped CoSbS samples. The reduced lattice thermal conductivity via the strong electron-phonon scattering for Ni doped CoSbS samples is confirmed by the quantitative 2 calculation of the various phonon scattering mechanisms according to the Callaway model. Keyword: CoSbS; Ni doping; electron-phonon scattering; thermoelectric performance.[12], while reducing the thermal conductivity commonly benefits from solid solution [13][14][15], nanoscale second phase [16,17], bulk nanostructuring [18][19][20], and all length-scale phonon scattering via hierarchical architecturing [21][22][23].Despite the significant advances in bulk thermoelectric systems, the most leading thermoelectric material, such as Bi 2 Te 3 [23], PbTe [6,8,10,21], and SiGe [20, 25] mainly consist of expensive elements such as Te and Ge, or toxic elements such as Pb. Due to the non-toxic, inexpensive, and ultrahigh abundance of sulfur (S), sulfur-based thermoelectric materials have drawn some attentions and their ZT values larger than unit have recently been achieved, especially in the p-type [26][27][28]. Historically, the thermoelectric performance of n-type lead-free S-based materials is not more than 0.7 at 773 K [29][30][31][32][33][34], which needs to be improved so to pair up with the p-type to make modules more efficient. In addition, most S-based thermoelectric materials including PbS exhibit a low or modest power factor less than 15 µW cm -1 K -2 [26-34]. However, large power factor should be as important as high ZT values for thermoelectric devices since the output power directly depends on power factor in practical power generation applications [35, 36]. CoSbS compound is a natural mineral named Costibite or Paracostibite, discovered in Canada and Australia. It crystalizes in orthorhombic space group 61 (Pbca) with a lower symmetry. There are eight [CoSb 3 S 3 ] octahedral in one unit cell where one Co is octahedrally coordinated to three Sb and three S atoms as shown in Figure 1a [37]. Recently, Carlini et al. first reported the synthesis and microstructure of CoSbS compound [38], then, Parker et al. theoretically and experimentally investigated the thermoelectric performance of Ni dopedCoSbS samples, with a modest power factor ~15 µW cm -1 K -2 and a relatively high thermal conductivity ~3.8 W m -1 K -1 at 773 K (A constant value Cp of 0.35 J g -1 K -1 was used to calculate the thermal conductivity) [39]. However, the specific mechanism that Ni doping boosts the thermoelectric performance of CoSbS system in the work of Parker et al. is still unclear. Therefore, our motivation is to systematically stu...