Properties of Arginine Kinase from <i>Drosophila melanogaster</i>

Wallimann, Theo; Eppenberger, Hans M.

doi:10.1111/j.1432-1033.1973.tb03048.x

Cited by 40 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…Results of initial velocity studies of the forward reaction at low substrate concentrations suggest that the reaction mechanism is of a sequential type. These data are similar to those found for APK in other insects (Cheung, 1973;Wallimann & Eppenberger, 1973).…”

Section: -supporting

confidence: 90%

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Age-Related Activity Changes in Arginine Phosphokinase in the House Fly, Musca Domestica L

Baker

1975

Journal of Gerontology

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The activity of ATP:L-arginine phosphotransferase (E.C.2.7.3.3.). was shown to exhibit agedependent changes in both male and female house fly. Enzyme activity demonstrated more marked changes in the male than in the female, increasing 44-fold from emergence to a peak at 2 days of age and thereafter declining, at first sharply then gradually to a value at 14 days of age, representing a third of the activity found at the peak. Activity in the female fly also showed a peak at 2 days of age, which thereafter declined, although more gradually than was observed in the male. Activity changes expressed on a per fly or wet weight basis were nearly identical. Agerelated activity changes on a milligram protein basis demonstrated similar increases; however, the percentage decrease from the 2-day peaks were less striking, although highly significant. No kinetic or physical changes in the enzyme were detected, nor could any soluble inhibitors or activators of the enzyme be identified. The changes in arginine phosphokinase activity fall into a sequential pattern of enzyme changes, reflecting an apparently ordered mechanism underlying a decline in flight ability in this species.

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Section: -supporting

confidence: 90%

“…The relatively high activity found in freshly laid eggs in comparison with other developmental stages is unexpected. Low levels of APK activity were reported in eggs from Drosophila melanogaster by Wallimann and Eppenberger (1973).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Age-Related Activity Changes in Arginine Phosphokinase in the House Fly, Musca Domestica L

Baker

1975

Journal of Gerontology

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“…On a global scale, this could help with problems of world hunger and the prevention of over-fishing of oceans for fish-meal production. Interestingly Cr supplementation of Drosophila melanogaster , known to express arginine kinase (AK) instead of CK (Wallimann and Eppenberger 1973), protects these flies from oxidative stress caused by exposure to rotenone, a potent mitochondrial toxin, and paraquat, a potent herbicidal redox cycler, that both generate ROS (Hosamani et al 2010). Since these insects are not able to phosphorylate Cr into PCr, the protective effects of Cr observed cannot be due to improved cellular energetics, but are more likely related to anti-oxidant and/or anti-apoptotic effects of this guanidino compound.…”

Section: Creatine—nutritional Constituent and Supplementationmentioning

confidence: 99%

The creatine kinase system and pleiotropic effects of creatine

2011

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The pleiotropic effects of creatine (Cr) are based mostly on the functions of the enzyme creatine kinase (CK) and its high-energy product phosphocreatine (PCr). Multidisciplinary studies have established molecular, cellular, organ and somatic functions of the CK/PCr system, in particular for cells and tissues with high and intermittent energy fluctuations. These studies include tissue-specific expression and subcellular localization of CK isoforms, high-resolution molecular structures and structure–function relationships, transgenic CK abrogation and reverse genetic approaches. Three energy-related physiological principles emerge, namely that the CK/PCr systems functions as (a) an immediately available temporal energy buffer, (b) a spatial energy buffer or intracellular energy transport system (the CK/PCr energy shuttle or circuit) and (c) a metabolic regulator. The CK/PCr energy shuttle connects sites of ATP production (glycolysis and mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation) with subcellular sites of ATP utilization (ATPases). Thus, diffusion limitations of ADP and ATP are overcome by PCr/Cr shuttling, as most clearly seen in polar cells such as spermatozoa, retina photoreceptor cells and sensory hair bundles of the inner ear. The CK/PCr system relies on the close exchange of substrates and products between CK isoforms and ATP-generating or -consuming processes. Mitochondrial CK in the mitochondrial outer compartment, for example, is tightly coupled to ATP export via adenine nucleotide transporter or carrier (ANT) and thus ATP-synthesis and respiratory chain activity, releasing PCr into the cytosol. This coupling also reduces formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and inhibits mitochondrial permeability transition, an early event in apoptosis. Cr itself may also act as a direct and/or indirect anti-oxidant, while PCr can interact with and protect cellular membranes. Collectively, these factors may well explain the beneficial effects of Cr supplementation. The stimulating effects of Cr for muscle and bone growth and maintenance, and especially in neuroprotection, are now recognized and the first clinical studies are underway. Novel socio-economically relevant applications of Cr supplementation are emerging, e.g. for senior people, intensive care units and dialysis patients, who are notoriously Cr-depleted. Also, Cr will likely be beneficial for the healthy development of premature infants, who after separation from the placenta depend on external Cr. Cr supplementation of pregnant and lactating women, as well as of babies and infants are likely to be of benefit for child development. Last but not least, Cr harbours a global ecological potential as an additive for animal feed, replacing meat- and fish meal for animal (poultry and swine) and fish aqua farming. This may help to alleviate human starvation and at the same time prevent over-fishing of oceans.

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“…In arthropods, phospho-L-arginine appears to serve as the predominant phosphagen, that is a substrate of the corresponding arginine kinases (Lohmann, 1935;Lewis and Fowler, 1962;Virden et al, 1965;Blethen, 1972;Strong and Ellington, 1995). Arginine kinase has been studied in a number of insect groups, including muscid flies (Lewis and Fowler, 1962;Sacktor and Hurlbut, 1966;Rockstein and Kumar 1972;Wallimann and Eppenberger, 1973;Wyss et al, 1995), locusts (Newsholme et al, 1978;Schneider et al, 1989;Li et al, 2006), lepidopterans (Rosenthal et al, 1977;Chamberlin, 1997;Binder et al, 2001), hymenopterans (Kucharski and Maleszka, 1998;Wang et al, 2009), cockroaches and beetles (Tanaka et al, 2007). The majority of the studies concluded the presence of a single type of enzyme with approximately 40 000 Da molecular mass, that is presumably encoded by a single copy gene.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%