Protecting the Food Supply Chain from Terrorist Attack

Alvarez, Manuel; Alvarez, Ainara; Maggio, Maria Carla De; Oses, Ainhoa; Trombetta, Marcella; Setola, Roberto

doi:10.1007/978-3-642-16806-2_11

Cited by 5 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…The North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (2014) define terrorism as "the unlawful use or threatened use of force or violence against individuals or property in an attempt to coerce or intimidate governments or societies to achieve political, religious or ideological objectives." Terrorist activities, usually but not always undertaken by non-nation actors, are designed to engender fear, terror, panic and anxiety in the population and as a result reduce the level of confidence in the government, leading to uncertainty and political instability (Alvarez et al 2010: Fredrickson, 2014 or the attainment of a specific political goal (Nestle, 2003). Food terrorism is defined as "the deliberate (or threat of) contamination of food with hazardous agents (biological, chemical, physical, or radionuclear) for the purpose of causing injury or death and/or disrupting social, economic, or political stability" (Fredrickson, 2014:311).…”

Section: Food Terrorismmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Food defence: Refining the taxonomy of food defence threats

Manning

2019

Trends in Food Science & Technology

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Background Awareness of the need to address food defence is gaining pace in the food industry. Indeed implementing an effective food defence strategy is a key prerequisite to comply with third party certification standards. There is however a knowledge gap with regard to the types of threat that fall within the scope of a food defence strategy and also how these issues can then be mitigated and where possible eliminated. Scope and Approach This research seeks to position food defence as a supply chain risk mitigation strategy and use case studies of real-world issues to frame the taxonomy of food defence threats. Key findings In order to differentiate food defence threats (food attack) from wider food crime, the research postulates that food defence strategies needs to address intentional adulteration to gain personal attention, to gain financial reward through extortion or to gain attention for a particular cause or ideology i.e. food terrorism. More covert threats include sabotage, espionage, intellectual property theft, and cybercrime, including hacktivism. These threats can cause actual harm to individuals, members of certain populations and communities or to organisations. This can lead to large scale, economic, political or social unrest and disruption of the supply chain and thus fit within the scope of food defence activities. To inform food defence risk assessment and management processes, this taxonomy needs to be developed and accepted across the food industry so that threats can be consistently and effectively addressed and as a result consumers, industry partners, shareholders and also the organisation itself can be protected.

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Section: Food Terrorismmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Terrorism acts can be differentiated by those that seek to cause actual harm to individuals or populations and alternatively those acts that are symbolic to provoke anxiety and concern, and to change consumer behaviour leading to economic loss (Alvarez et al 2010).…”

Section: Food Terrorismmentioning

confidence: 99%

Food defence: Refining the taxonomy of food defence threats

Manning

2019

Trends in Food Science & Technology

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“…In the food supply chain some links are more vulnerable than others. Consequences of the contamination could vary according to the type of food and the specific link in the chain that is targeted (Alvarez et al 2010). An attack that targets a step closer to the consumer has a greater probability of success but affects fewer people.…”

Section: Literature Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Setola and de Maggio (2009) believes that when the contaminant agent is dispersed in the first links of the food supply chain, it becomes more difficult to identify and to detect the source of the contamination. Specially with chemical agents that when mixed can be imperceptible to quality control (Alvarez et al 2010) Also, the transportation and storage steps are, in general, more vulnerable that the manufacturing step (Alvarez et al 2010). Packaged products are more susceptible to contamination during transportation and storage.…”

Section: Literature Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Packaged products are more susceptible to contamination during transportation and storage. However, contamination of bulk products would affect more people (Alvarez et al 2010) Dalziel 2009has conducted a systematic examination of incidents involving the intentional and malicious contamination of food from 1950 to 2008. The analysis reveals that almost 98% of the incidents occurred downstream in the food supply chain (e.g., at retail outlets, food service establishments, homes and the workplace).…”

Section: Literature Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Food defense KPI in the business processes of the food supply chain

Reynoso

2017

CyA

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Given that globalization is constantly spreading, supply chains are becoming more complex and vulnerable. Managing the security of supply chains is becoming a regular part of business management practices. Threats to supply chains include theft, terrorism, and patent violations. Food and water supply sources are an attractive target for terrorist attacks, which makes Food Defense for the protection of food supply chains a huge priority. Although a business process approach is widely adopted in the Food Supply Chain (FSC) context it is not very well developed in the literature about Food Defense. The development of alternatives to build a Key Performance Indicator (KPI) to measure Food Defense in business processes has not been part of the studies that follow this approach. This article proposes a procedure to build a Food Defense KPI to establish how efficient business processes are in preventing food terrorism. The practical validation of the proposed procedure was done in a food company in El Bajío, Mexico. The results support the possibility of the successful application of the Food Defense KPI.

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A Management System for Preventing Intentional Food Contamination Based on Risk Analysis

Reynoso

Esteban

2016

Braz. J. of Operations & Production Manag.

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In today’s globalized world the number of risks in supply chains are increasing and the threats are becoming more complex. All the risks and threats can have a severely negative impact on markets. Some of these threats are terrorism, piracy and theft. Within the food industry, Food Terrorism has gained relevance due to the extreme consequences it may have on both public health and the market. Food Terrorism refers to the intentional contamination of food in any link of the supply chain, which covers everything from production to consumption. The Food Defense refers to the analysis, control and improvement of prevention mechanisms of those attacks; that is, the Food Defense involves a Risks Management. In general terms, this paper focuses on a proposal formulation based on a risk analysis that allows establishing a management system for preventing intentional food contamination and the improvement of the security of the supply chain. Given the recent events in Paris, on November 13, 2015, consideration has also been given to the present situation and the importance of the issue of preventing terrorism.This initial study covers only the theoretical methodological proposal and focusses only on the companies of the alimentary sector of Guanajuato State in Mexico. However, it may extend into a research plan security of food supply chain.

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Protecting the Food Supply Chain from Terrorist Attack

Cited by 5 publications

References 7 publications

Food defence: Refining the taxonomy of food defence threats

Food defence: Refining the taxonomy of food defence threats

Food defense KPI in the business processes of the food supply chain

A Management System for Preventing Intentional Food Contamination Based on Risk Analysis

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