Protection against <i>Naegleria fowleri</i> infection in mice immunized with Cry1Ac plus amoebic lysates is dependent on the STAT6 Th2 response

Carrasco-Yépez, María Maricela; Rojas-Hernández, Saúl; Rodríguez-Monroy, Marco Aurelio; Terrazas, Luis I.; Moreno‐Fierros, Leticia

doi:10.1111/j.1365-3024.2010.01222.x

Cited by 22 publications

(27 citation statements)

References 28 publications

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“…In a previous study, we observed that immunization with N. fowleri plus CT and Cry1Ac as adjuvants display a functional Th2 profile with an increment in the secretion of IgA and IgG antibodies . These findings are reflected in the present study where we found that immunization with all treatments generated IgA antibody‐secreting cells, and this induction was higher in NALT and NP than CN and SP.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 85%

“…Intranasal immunization (i.n) with amoebic lysates plus cholera toxin (CT) as adjuvant increased up to 100% survival in challenged mice with lethal dose of the amoeba . In a previous study, we have proposed that a STAT6‐dependent immune response (Th 2 response) is crucial to induce vaccine protection against N. fowleri meningoencephalitis . Furthermore, this immunization scheme induces an increase in areas with metaplasia in the olfactory epithelium, allowing the secretion of IgA and IgG antibodies .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Naegleria fowleri immunization modifies lymphocytes and APC of nasal mucosa

Carrasco-Yepez

Campos-Rodrı́guez

Reséndiz-Albor

et al. 2018

Parasite Immunology

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We investigated whether intranasal immunization with amoebic lysates plus cholera toxin modified the populations of T and B lymphocytes, macrophages and dendritic cells by flow cytometry from nose-associated lymphoid tissue (NALT), cervical lymph nodes (CN), nasal passages (NP) and spleen (SP). In all immunized groups, the percentage of CD4 was higher than CD8 cells. CD45 was increased in B cells from mice immunized. We observed IgA antibody-forming cell (IgA-AFC) response, mainly in NALT and NP. Macrophages from NP and CN expressed the highest levels of CD80 and CD86 in N. fowleri lysates with either CT or CT alone immunized mice, whereas dendritic cells expressed high levels of CD80 and CD86 in all compartment from immunized mice. These were lower than those expressed by macrophages. Only in SP from CT-immunized mice, these costimulatory molecules were increased. These results suggest that N. fowleri and CT antigens are taking by APCs, and therefore, protective immunity depends on interactions between APCs and T cells from NP and CN. Consequently, CD4 cells stimulate the differentiation from B lymphocytes to AFC IgA-positive; antibody that we previously found interacting with trophozoites in the nasal lumen avoiding the N. fowleri attachment to nasal epithelium.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 85%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Naegleria fowleri immunization modifies lymphocytes and APC of nasal mucosa

Carrasco-Yepez

Campos-Rodrı́guez

Reséndiz-Albor

et al. 2018

Parasite Immunology

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“…Some investigators suggest that Bt -maize may have an adjuvant effect that requires testing [17]–[20], [26]–[30]. In 2009, EFSA reported that consumption of Bt -maize by humans and animals is safe [14].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In another study, Cry1Ac delivered intranasally generated an antibody response, stimulated nasal-associated lymphoid tissue lymphocytes to produce Th2 cytokines, and induced a proportion of T cells to spontaneously produce IL-4, IL-5, and IL-10 [27]. Indeed several studies have shown that Cry1Ac has adjuvant effects using non-physiological approaches [28]–[30] and it is not clear from these reports whether Cry1Ac effects also apply to Cry1Ab .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

No Adjuvant Effect of Bacillus thuringiensis-Maize on Allergic Responses in Mice

et al. 2014

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Genetically modified (GM) foods are evaluated carefully for their ability to induce allergic disease. However, few studies have tested the capacity of a GM food to act as an adjuvant, i.e. influencing allergic responses to other unrelated allergens at acute onset and in individuals with pre-existing allergy. We sought to evaluate the effect of short-term feeding of GM Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt)-maize (MON810) on the initiation and relapse of allergic asthma in mice. BALB/c mice were provided a diet containing 33% GM or non-GM maize for up to 34 days either before ovalbumin (OVA)-induced experimental allergic asthma or disease relapse in mice with pre-existing allergy. We observed that GM-maize feeding did not affect OVA-induced eosinophilic airway and lung inflammation, mucus hypersecretion or OVA-specific antibody production at initiation or relapse of allergic asthma. There was no adjuvant effect upon GM-maize consumption on the onset or severity of allergic responses in a mouse model of allergic asthma.

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“…The results suggested Th2‐biased immune response which was correlated with the presence of STAT6 protein. Further, high production of IgG1 and IL‐4 took place in the STAT6+/+ mice while the STAT6−/− mice showed IL‐12, IFN‐γ and Th1‐associated IgG2a production …”

Section: Managementmentioning

confidence: 98%

Naegleria fowleri: Sources of infection, pathophysiology, diagnosis, and management; a review

Jahangeer

Mahmood

Munir

et al. 2019

Clin Exp Pharma Physio

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Naegleria fowleri, a thermophilic flagellate amoeba known as a “brain‐eating” amoeba, is the aetiological agent of a perilous and devastating waterborne disease known as primary amoebic meningoencephalitis (PAM), both in humans as well as in animals. PAM is a rare but fatal disease affecting young adults all around the world, particularly in the developed world but recently reported from developing countries, with 95%–99% mortality rate. Swimmers and divers are at high risk of PAM as the warm water is the most propitious environment adapted by N. fowleri to cause this infection. Infective amoeba in the trophozoite phase enter the victim's body through the nose, crossing the cribriform plate to reach the human brain and cause severe destruction of the central nervous system (CNS). The brain damage leads to brain haemorrhage and death occurs within 3–7 days in undiagnosed cases and maltreated cases. Though the exact pathogenesis of N. fowleri is still not known, it has exhibited two primary mechanisms, contact‐independent (brain damage through different proteins) and contact‐dependent (brain damage through surface structures food cups), that predominantly contribute to the pathogen invading the host CNS. For the management of this life‐threatening infection different treatment regimens have been applied but still the survival rate is only 5% which is ascribed to its misdiagnosis, as the PAM symptoms closely resembled bacterial meningitis. The main objectives of this review article are to compile data to explore the sources and routes of N. fowleri infection, its association in causing PAM along with its pathophysiology; latest techniques used for accurate diagnosis, management options along with challenges for Pakistan to control this drastic disorder.

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Protection against Naegleria fowleri infection in mice immunized with Cry1Ac plus amoebic lysates is dependent on the STAT6 Th2 response

Cited by 22 publications

References 28 publications

Naegleria fowleri immunization modifies lymphocytes and APC of nasal mucosa

Naegleria fowleri immunization modifies lymphocytes and APC of nasal mucosa

No Adjuvant Effect of Bacillus thuringiensis-Maize on Allergic Responses in Mice

Naegleria fowleri: Sources of infection, pathophysiology, diagnosis, and management; a review

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