Protection and immune modulation of activated human vaginal epithelial cells by Aurea helianthus extract

Abstract

Aurea helianthus extract is associated with various properties including anti-melanogenesis, anti-oxidation, tumorigenic suppression, and immunoregulation; however, the mechanism by which it executes the immunomodulation of human vaginal epithelial cells (HVECs) remains elusive. We established three immunological functions of the extract. First, it mediated tumorigenic suppression in HVECs. Expression of cytokeratin 8, cancer antigen-125, and vimentin was dramatically downregulated in HVECs exposed to the extract under oxidative and fungal stresses. Second, the extract activated dendritic cells and macrophages. On exposing progenitor dendritic cells to the extract, the number of CD304+ cells increased by 40%; further, under oxidative and fungal stresses, this number was approximately 1.8 and 1.3 times lower, respectively, compared to that in the stressed cells. In monocytic differentiation, the number of dendritic cells and macrophages increased 9 and 6 times, respectively, compared to that in the control. Additionally, the extract enhanced and recovered polarisation by approximately 1.5 and 2 times, respectively, than that under stressed conditions. Third, the phagocytic activity of macrophages, against HPV16, 18, and 33 peptides, was enhanced by 12–35 times compared with that under stressed conditions. Thus, A. helianthus extract is a strong stimulator of the immune system and tumorigenic suppression under stress conditions.

Modulation of Tumor Microenvironment through Aurea Helianthus Extract and Induced Exosomes

“…POLR3D activates interferon-β (IFN-β) production associated with the down-regulation of inflammatory responses 52 . In correspondence with the described research 20 , the extract attenuates inflammatory response through EIE from EC cells. -Quantitative PCR Total RNA in cells exposed to the three substances were isolated using the RiboEx reagent (GeneAll, Se oul, Korea).…”

“…Consequently, Aurea Helianthus extract intensely contributed to the modulation of tumorigenic microenvironments in EC cells. Although α-tocopherol and rutin were high components in Aurea helianthus20 , the extract effectively modulated the environment than the two substances.The extract's modulations were summarized in five biological categories: suppression of migration and invasion, increasing drug susceptibility, decreasing inflammation, attenuation of reproductive cancer activity, and activation of cellular senescence. The induced exosome effects suggest a biological cancer drug's potency to protect and heal gynecological cancers.…”

“…Aurea helianthus belonging to the family Malvaceae serves various functions, including suppressing inflammation, fever, tumor, oxidation and melanogenesis, detoxification, modulation of lipid metabolism, and immune regulation 20 . Notably, the leaves have high tocopherol and rutin besides iron, vitamin A, and vitamin C 20 . Tocopherol, the soluble phenolic, is a significant vitamin E structure and potent antioxidant and prevents cancer activity 21 .…”

“…Additionally, rutin, known as the inhibitor against EGFR kinase, protects DNA structure and induced apoptosis of cancer cells by endoplasmic reticulum stress 22 . According to the reports 20 , A. helianthus extract protects human vaginal cells under oxidative and fungal stress and strongly suppresses an expression of CK8, Muc-16, and vimentin. Furthermore, the extract modulates the differentiation of monocytes and activation of phagocytosis against HPV peptides 20 .…”

“…According to the reports 20 , A. helianthus extract protects human vaginal cells under oxidative and fungal stress and strongly suppresses an expression of CK8, Muc-16, and vimentin. Furthermore, the extract modulates the differentiation of monocytes and activation of phagocytosis against HPV peptides 20 .…”