Protection of pine seed orchards in the Southeastern United States

Bramlett, David L.

doi:10.1016/0378-1127(87)90028-4

Cited by 4 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 3 publications

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“…In North America, since the 1970's systemic insecticides have been applied to the tree by trunk injection, implantation, and foliar or soil application (e.g. Summers and Miller 1986;Bramlett 1987;Fogal and Plowman 1989). Trunk implants of acephate, in particular, seemed promising in controlling cone pests of several conifer species (Reardon et al 1985;Stein et al 1988Stein et al ,1993Fogal and Lopushanski 1989;West and Sundaram 1992), although this treatment was not always effective in controlling cone gall midges, seed insects, and conifer seed bugs (Stein et al 1988(Stein et al , 1993.…”

Section: May/june 1996mentioning

confidence: 99%

Effectiveness of Trunk-Implanted Acephate for the Protection of Cones and Seeds From Insect Damage in France and China

Roques¹,

Sun

Zhang³

et al. 1996

Can Entomol

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The Canadian Entomologist 128: 377-390 (1996) The seasonal phenology of the walnut husk fly (WHF), Rhagoletis completa Cresson, was studied in the Willarnette Valley of Oregon during a 4-year period (1990)(1991)(1992)(1993). Adult emergence observed in ground emergence cages vaned greatly among years. Tnitial emergence ranged f~o m 29 June to 17 July. and last emergence occurred as early as 17 August or as late as 1 1 September. The period of adult emergence was constant From year to year (mean 55, range 50-60 days) wit11 the peak between the 3rd week of July and the 1st week of August. The period between fint observed appearance of females in ground-level emergence cages and the first oviposition was consistent among the study years, ranging from 20 to 23 days. Peak oviposition occurred in the 2nd and 3rd weeks of August. Mean egg hatch and larval survival were 98 and 80%. respeclively.Infestations reached over 95% in unsprayed trees by early to mid September. Mature larvae first exited from husks beginning the 4th week of August and continued through mid October. Larvae penetrated the soil and pupated at a depth of 2.5-7.6 cm with most within the top 2.5 cm of soil. Kasana, A,, et M.T. AliNiazee. 1996. Phknologie saisonnikre de la Mouche des brous du noyer, Rhagoletis completa Cresson (Diptera: Tephritidae). The Canadian Entomologist 128: 377-390. R6ume La phCnologie saisonnikre a Ct C CtudiCe chez la Mouche des brous du noyer, Rhagoletis completa Cresson, au cours d'une pCriode de 4 ans (1990-1993), dans la vallCe de la Willamette en Oregon. L'Cmergence des adultes dans des cages au sol a variC considerablement d'une annCe l'autre. La premikre Cmergence a eu lieu le 29 juin une annCe et le 17 juillet une autre annCe et 1'Cmergence s'est terminCe le 17 aoDt une annCe, mais s'est prolongCe jusqu'au 11 septembre une autre annee. La pCriode d'kmergence Ctait constante d'annCe en annCe (55 jours en moyenne, 50-60 jours) atteignant son maximum entre la 3e semaine de juillet et la lere semaine d'aoDt. L'intervalle entre 17Cmergence des premikres femelles dans les cages et ]'observation de la premikre ponte a 6tC le m&me chaque annCe, soit 20-23 jours. Les pontes atteignaient leur frCquence maximale au cours des 2e et 3e semaines d'aoQt. L'Cclosion moyenne des oeufs a Ct C CvaluCe a 98%, la survie des larves, a 80%. Les infestations ont atteint plus de 95% des arbres non trait& entre le dCbut et le milieu de septembre. Les larves 21 maturitk sont apparues hors des brous au cours de la 4e semaine d'aoQt et leur sortie des noix s'est prolongte jusqu'a la mi-octobre. Les larves s'enfouissaient alors dans le sol, entre 2,5 et 7,6 cm de profondeur, et s'y transformaient en pupes, la plupart dans les 2,5 premiers centimktres de surface. [Traduit par la RCdaction]

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Section: May/june 1996mentioning

confidence: 99%

Effectiveness of Trunk-Implanted Acephate for the Protection of Cones and Seeds From Insect Damage in France and China

Roques¹,

Sun

Zhang³

et al. 1996

Can Entomol

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“…The average seed efficiency for all orchards was 60% . This value is quite high in comparison to southern pines, where values of 25% for seed orchards with no protection from insects to 70% for seed orchards with maximum protection might be expected (Bramlett 1987) . A seed efficiency value of 75% is a realistic maximum that can be obtained in jack pine orchards (de Groot 1994) .…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 97%

Cone traits of jack pine and black spruce in young seedling seed orchards

Groot

Schnekenburger

1996

New Forest

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Application . Knowledge of the potential number of seeds, the efficiency of seed production and other cone traits and their variance will aid in evaluating the performance of individual families in orchards. This information can be used to estimate the seed yields and to develop management strategies for jack pine and black spruce seed orchards .Abstract. The number of fertile and infertile scales, filled and empty seeds, cone volume, seed efficiency and the incidence of insect and disease damage to seed were evaluated for seven jack pine (Pinus banksiana Lamb) and six black spruce (Picea mariana [Mill .] B .S .P.) seedling seed orchards in northern Ontario, Canada . On average, the seed potential of jack pine and black spruce cones was 50 and 82 seeds, respectively . Cone volume and the number of fertile scales were under strong genetic control and well correlated with one another for both species . Seed efficiency values were high for jack pine (60%) but poor for black spruce (24%) . The incidence of seed insect damage was less than 2 .5% for both species and nil for seed diseases .

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“…The traditional seed orchard is relatively straight forward to manage, apart from issues such as graft incompatibility (e.g., Copes 1970) and protection against fungal pathogens and insect pests (Bramlett 1987); however, the management of hedged orchards in clonal blocks is more complex. Much of the basic data needed to make effective management decisions does not exist but, as pointed out by Giertych (1987), the horticultural industry has considerable experience in intensive orchard management, much of which is relevant to forest tree seed orchards.…”

Section: Physical Management Of Orchardsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Seed orchards in development

Sweet

1995

Tree Physiology

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This paper reviews the role of seed orchards as output systems for genetic improvement programs. In this paper, technological changes since the 1950s are examined, with emphasis on recent developments. The need to equate the type of seed orchard to the type of forestry practiced is recognized, as is the significance of the relationship between seed orchards and other output systems for genetically improved material.

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Protection of pine seed orchards in the Southeastern United States

Cited by 4 publications

References 3 publications

Effectiveness of Trunk-Implanted Acephate for the Protection of Cones and Seeds From Insect Damage in France and China

Effectiveness of Trunk-Implanted Acephate for the Protection of Cones and Seeds From Insect Damage in France and China

Cone traits of jack pine and black spruce in young seedling seed orchards

Seed orchards in development

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