Prototypic Heptamethine Cyanine Incorporating Nanomaterials for Cancer Phototheragnostic

Abstract

Developing technologies that allow the simultaneous diagnosis and treatment of cancer (theragnostic) has been the quest of numerous interdisciplinary research teams. In this context, nanomaterials incorporating prototypic near infrared (NIR)‐light responsive heptamethine cyanines have been showing very promising results for cancer theragnostic. The precisely engineered features of these nanomaterials endow them with the ability to achieve a high tumor accumulation, enabling a tumor's visualization by NIR fluorescence and photoacoustic imaging modalities. Upon interaction with NIR light, the tumor‐homed heptamethine cyanine‐incorporating nanomaterials can also produce a photothermal/photodynamic effect with a high spatio‐temporal resolution and minimal side effects, leading to an improved therapeutic outcome. This progress report analyses the application of nanomaterials incorporating prototypic NIR‐light responsive heptamethine cyanines (IR775, IR780, IR783, IR797, IR806, IR808, IR820, IR825, IRDye 800CW, and Cypate) for cancer photothermal therapy, photodynamic therapy, and imaging. Overall, the continuous development of nanomaterials incorporating the prototypic NIR absorbing heptamethine cyanines will cement their phototheragnostic capabilities.

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“…We chose the typical near-infrared (NIR) fluorescent dye IR780 as the photothermal agent due to its tumor-targeting capability 40 and excellent optical properties. But IR780 has many limitations to be applied in vivo such as poor water solubility, toxicity, and fast clearance, 41,42 so we adopted PLGA, a polymer material with good biocompatibility to load IR780. The tissue penetration depth of laser irradiation is sometimes not enough to eliminate tumors thoroughly, so chemotherapy was also designed in this study to improve antitumor efficacy.…”

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“…7 B). Most recently, Leitão et al reviewed the application of such combination in cancer phototheranostics and mainly focused on IR780, IR808, IR820, IR825 and cypate based nanomaterials [ 46 ]. As summarized, loading cyanine photosensitizers into miscellaneous nanostructures remains the mainstream methodology.…”

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“…443,444 As shown in Fig. 70A, PDT relies on a nontoxic photosensitizer (PS), e.g., porphyrin, 445 phthalocyanine, 446 BODIPY, 447 and cyanine, 448 to induce the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) under specic wavelengths of light, leading to cytotoxicity. 449 According to the photochemical mechanism of ROS generation (Fig.…”