Psicologia das massas: contexto e desafios brasileiros

Abstract

A interpenetração de valores e práticas sociais entre culturas, no contexto da globalização, é baseada na interdependência econômica dos países, em meios de transportes mais eficazes, na comunicação aberta e em mobilizações massivas. O fenômeno das massas ou multidões tem sido objeto de vários estudos, especialmente pelas Ciências Sociais. A Psicologia, porém, pouco tem contribuído na discussão. Uma das dimensões dessa realidade é a formação de novos movimentos sociais, que buscam modelos alternativos de apoio e organização e têm conduzido, ao redor do mundo, mobilizações de rua que superam seus objetivos iniciais, a exemplo dos distúrbios em Londres e da Primavera Árabe. Este artigo apresenta um histórico do conceito de massas, sua abordagem como construto psicossocial, o desenvolvimento do conceito e os desafios para sua pesquisa e aplicação no âmbito da Psicologia Social brasileira.

Engaging politics : political participation in Brazil and Sweden, predicted by stereotypes about parliamentarians, political education and behavioral contagion

“…The main criticism to the thesis of crowds' irrationality is due to the clear intention of Le Bon of condemning popular movements, democratic institutions and collective aspirations (Margot-Duclos, 1961, quoted by McGuire, 1987. Jesus (2013) affirms that 'this outdated racialist vision of the masses could be one of the explanations to the malaise caused by the discussion about crowds to this date, and to the lack of researches applied to the Brazilian reality' (p. 500). Zimmermann (1992) affirms that the unsustainable defense by Le Bon regarding the Anglo-Saxon superiority in relation to the 'Latin race', merely due to hereditary factors, provided arguments to several researchers and politicians of anti-democratic tendency.…”

“…Some researchers provided continuity to the aristocratic ideas of Le Bon's, but it also others objected that reasoning and tried to provide more 'impartiality' to his analysis (Jesus, 2013;McGuire, 1987;Nye, 1973;Sandoval, 1997;Zimmermann, 1992). Subsequent scientific findings support and refine the author's concepts.…”

“…Reading the The Crowd demands from readers a sharp relativism to acknowledge that what seems strange in the book is rooted in the zeitgeist of the time when it was written (McGuire, 1987 (Jesus, 2013;McGuire, 1987;Miguel, 2002;Nye, 1973. Zimmermann, 1992.…”

“…Similarly, Damasceno, 2013;Fernandes, 2013;Lima, 2013;Ranthum, 2013 (Consolim, 2008;Jesus, 2013;McGuire, 1987;Nye, 1973). Recent researches do not approach the notion of hypnosis, but point out that, in a group, people tends to repeat the behavior of someone who serves as a model, with reduced self-criticism (Aarts, Gollwitzer & Hassin, 2004;e Bono & Ilies, 2006;Cacioppo & Hawkley, 2009;Dik & Aarts;Freedman & Perlick, 1979;Krassa, 1988).…”

“…Most of the times, the aristocratic bias of Le Bon is refused by the researchers after him (Jesus, 2013;McGuire, 1987). However, many subsequent theories still considered the irrational motivation -with new outlines -as a component of the The theory of deindividuation suggests that individuals become more uninhibited and impulsive when mixed to the group, thus building a sense of anonymity (Diener, 1980;Festinger, Pepitone & Newcombe, 1952;Reimann, & Zimbardo, 2011).…”