Psychometric evaluation of two scales examining muscularity concerns in men and women.

Wojtowicz, Amy E.; Ranson, Kristin M. von

doi:10.1037/1524-9220.7.1.56

Cited by 27 publications

(30 citation statements)

References 27 publications

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“…This result is congruent if we consider that DMS was developed to evaluate the drive for muscularity, which is more common among those males involved in sport activities and particularly among bodybuilders [23,24]; nonetheless, this study only included university students and, therefore, it was focused on the psychometric properties of DMS in a community sample. However, the mean score in the scale (M = 1.87) was similar to the one obtained by McPhearson et al [20] of 1.97, yet substantially lower than that registered by Wojtowicz and von Ranson [22] in bodybuilders (M = 3.38).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 80%

“…With regard to the internal consistence of DMS, it showed stability between the two stages of the study; moreover, both the scale consistence and that of two of its three factors ranged from acceptable to suitable, with alpha coefficients over the minimal value of 0.70 proposed by Cicchetti [21]; it was not so, however, in the case corresponding to Training Adherence Factor, which was 0.68 in both stages, and thereby non-acceptable. Nevertheless, we have to consider that as this factor specifically evaluates the degree of commitment of a person to their training routine, one might suppose that the internal consistence will increase to the extent that it is evaluated in participants who develop a sport activity or physical training, as it has been observed in previous studies, such as the one by Mc Pherson et al [20] with males who had a sport activity, or the one by Wojtowicz and von Ranson [22] with bodybuilders, in which the internal consistence of the behavioral sub-scale (0.85 and 0.87, respectively) has turned out substantially larger than the one reported by McCreary et al [1], which was 0.81, or those by Wojtowicz and von Ranson for non-bodybuilders (0.73).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 94%

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Psychometric properties of the Drive for Muscularity Scale in Mexican males

et al. 2013

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This study refers to the evaluation of the psychometric properties of the Drive for Muscularity Scale among Mexican population. The exploratory factor analysis was carried out with 369 university males (mean age = 20.93 years). A three-factor structure that explains 45.64 % of the variance was found for the scale: 31.10 % by attitudes (α = 0.87), 10.70 % by substance intake (α = 0.72) and 3.84 % by training adherence (α = 0.68). Only the two first sub-scales and total score (α = 0.86) offered acceptable levels of internal consistence. The confirmatory factor analysis, carried out with 200 males (mean age = 20.79 years), verified both the suitability of this factor structure and the two-factor structure proposed by McCreary et al. (Psychol Men Masc 5:49-58, 1). Drive for muscularity is important in comprehending male body image and Drive for Muscularity Scale has demonstrated to be psychometrically suitable to assess this construct in Mexican males.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 80%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 94%

Psychometric properties of the Drive for Muscularity Scale in Mexican males

et al. 2013

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“…Drewnowski and Yee (1987) evaluated body satisfaction among first-year college students, and although the majority of females (85%) reported a desire to lose weight, approximately half of the males in the sample wanted to lose weight (40%), while the other half (45%) wanted to gain weight. Males seeking to enhance their muscularity are more likely than females to engage in steroid and dietary supplement use, and high protein dieting in order to gain weight and muscle (Cafri et al 2005; McCabe and Ricciardelli 2001; McCreary and Sasse 2000; Wojtowicz and von Ranson 2006). Such weight and muscle-enhancement strategies are associated with deleterious physical and psychological outcomes, including elevated cholesterol, coronary heart disease, increased aggression, and depressive symptoms (see Cafri et al 2005 for a review).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Body Image Concerns and Contingent Self-Esteem in Male and Female College Students

et al. 2008

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Body dissatisfaction in females, and to a lesser extent males, is associated with low self-esteem, depression, and eating disorders. This research examined gender as a moderator of the association between contingent self-esteem and body image concerns, including weight and muscularity. Participants included 359 (59.1% female) heavy drinking first-year U.S. undergraduate students who completed a survey assessing health-related risk behaviors. Hierarchical multiple regression was used to examine relations among gender, contingent self-esteem, and body image. Females reported higher levels of contingent self-esteem and greater concerns about their weight, although males reported a greater drive for muscularity. The relationship between contingent self-esteem and weight concerns was stronger among females, and for males, greater contingent self-esteem was associated with a greater drive for muscularity.

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“…Drive for muscularity questionnaire type was a second design factor included in moderator analysis. The questionnaires contain different items, have been subject to differing degrees of psychometric testing, and have different developmental histories (e.g., Tod et al, 2012a;Tod, Morrison, & Edwards, 2012b;Wojtowicz & von Ranson, 2006). For example, the items in Yelland and Tiggemann's questionnaire (2003) were created to parallel the Eating Disorder Inventory's Drive for Thinness subscale.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

A meta-analysis of the drive for muscularity's relationships with exercise behaviour, disordered eating, supplement consumption, and exercise dependence

Tod

Edwards

2015

International Review of Sport and Exercise Psychology

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We examined the drive for muscularity's (DFM) relationships with exercise behaviour, disordered eating, supplement consumption, and exercise dependence in males. By searching electronic databases, manually reviewing journal table of contents and retrieved article reference lists, and corresponding with leading researchers, we identified 77 studies. A random effects model was applied to perform analyses and we adjusted results for possible publication bias. The average effect sizes (r) the DFM had with weight training (.31), nonweight training (.11), disordered eating (.30), supplement consumption (.36), and exercise dependence (.43) were significant (P < .05). The relationship between the attitudes and behavioural subscales of the DFM Scale (r = .47) was significant (P < .001). For supplement consumption, moderator analysis indicated that r varied significantly for questionnaire type and participant status (student versus non-student, P < .01). The small-to-moderate relationships indicate the value of adopting theoretical perspectives allowing the examination of the DFM's role in predicting exercise and dietary behaviour within a broader psychosocial context. Most researchers have studied these relationships in isolation. The relationship between the two DFM subscales implies that the questionnaire total score may better represent a commitment to muscularity rather than a drive per se. Keywords: body image; self-perceptions; male ideal physique; eating behaviour; eating disorder; body dysmorphia 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 Historically, body image research has focused on females, weight loss, and eating disorders, whereas more recently, investigators have also increased attention paid to men's body image issues (Edwards, Tod, & Molnar, 2014). Although some men wish to lose weight, particularly adipose tissue, other males desire to gain weight, especially muscle mass Theorists have provided explanations for why people may develop a drive for muscularity and why the drive might stimulate appearance-related behaviours and cognitions (Morrison, Morrison, & McCann, 2006). Central to these explanations is the postulate that if people learn from their environments that a muscular physique is valued and desirable, then they will compare themselves against others to determine if they have sufficient or inadequate levels of muscle. If they deem themselves to be inadequately muscular then they will develop a high drive which will stimulate engagement in appearance change behaviours and cognitions (Morrison et al., 2006). Based on these explanations, researchers hypothesize that increased levels of the drive for muscularity are related to specific appearance altering behaviours, including exercise participation, disordered eating, and supplement consumption (Dakanalis, Timko, et al., 2015; Galli, Petrie, Reel, Chatterto...

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Psychometric evaluation of two scales examining muscularity concerns in men and women.

Cited by 27 publications

References 27 publications

Psychometric properties of the Drive for Muscularity Scale in Mexican males

Psychometric properties of the Drive for Muscularity Scale in Mexican males

Body Image Concerns and Contingent Self-Esteem in Male and Female College Students

A meta-analysis of the drive for muscularity's relationships with exercise behaviour, disordered eating, supplement consumption, and exercise dependence

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