Pt-Based Multimetal Electrocatalysts and Potential Applications: Recent Advancements in the Synthesis of Nanoparticles by Modified Polyol Methods

Abstract

In our review, we have presented a summary of the research accomplishments of nanostructured multimetal-based electrocatalysts synthesized by modified polyol methods, especially the special case of Pt-based nanoparticles associated with increasing potential applications for batteries, capacitors, and fuel cells. To address the problems raised in serious environmental pollution, disease, health, and energy shortages, we discuss and present an improved polyol process used to synthesize nanoparticles from Pt metal to Pt-based bimetal, and Pt-based multimetal catalysts in the various forms of alloy and shell core nanostructures by practical experience, experimental skills, and the evidences from the designed polyol processes. In their prospects, there are the micro/nanostructured variants of hybrid Pt/nanomaterials, typically such as Pt/ABO3-type perovskite, Pt/AB2O4-type ferrite, Pt/CoFe2O4, Pt/oxide, or Pt/ceramic by modified polyol processes for the development of electrocatalysis and energy technology. In the future, we suggest that both the polyol and the sol-gel processes of diversity and originality, and with the use of various kinds of water, alcohols, polyols, other solvents, reducing agents, long-term capping and stabilizing agents, and structure- and property-controlling agents, are very effectively used in the controlled synthesis of micro/nanoparticles and micro/nanomaterials. It is understood that at the levels of controlling and modifying molecules, ions, atoms, and nano/microscales, the polyol or sol-gel processes, and their technologies are effectively combined in bottom-up and top-down approaches, as are the simplest synthetic methods of physics, chemistry, and biology from the most common aqueous solutions as well as possible experimental conditions.

Puzzles of Surface Segregation in Binary Pt–Pd Nanoparticles: Molecular Dynamics and Thermodynamic Simulations

“…Bimetallic Pt-Pd NPs, including core-shell Pt@Pd, can have unique electronic and magnetic properties [22]. However, first of all, binary Pt-Pd NPs are known to be effective nanocatalysts [23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35][36][37][38][39][40].…”

Effect of Nanoparticle Shape on the Oxygen Reduction Reaction Activity of PtNiFe Nanocatalysts

“…The improvement of the efficiency and specificity of a given catalytic reaction requires finely controlled morphological parameters, which may be harnessed by synthetic routes. As a result, in the wet chemistry process, Pt-alloy nanocatalysts with different shapes were determined amid the formation of the nanocrystals confined using the surfactants and other synthetic methods. − Classical theory reveals that the surface energy of crystal facets is determined by the amount and/or type of surfactant on the crystalline phase. , In other words, the crystal facet–surfactant bindings can be delicately tuned to achieve the goal of Pt-alloy nanocatalysts with controllable shapes. For example, the ratios of oleylamine (OAm) and oleic acid (OA) are one of the most common combinations in the preparation of Pt-alloy nanostructures. − …”

Tuning the Ni/Co Ratios and Surface Concentration of Reduced Molybdenum States for Enhanced Electrocatalytic Performance in Trimetallic Molybdates: OER, HER, and MOR Activity

“…Moreover, there are inadequate reports in the literature that addressed or probed these critical aspects for MOR applications. Adding a third metal may further complicate the understanding; thus, a critical and systematic investigation in terms of electronic and interface properties is required to unveil the structure–activity relationship. − In the current work, a trimetallic catalyst (Ni, Co, and Mo) was synthesized and tested for oxygen evolution reaction (OER), hydrogen evolution reaction (HER), and MOR. A comparative analysis on structural, electronic, and interface properties was carried out for a series of bimetallic and trimetallic catalysts to obtain a conclusive information on the effect of dopants and their concentrations on MOR, HER, and OER performance.…”