Purification, Sequencing, and Phylogenetic Analyses of Novel Lys-49 Phospholipases A2 from the Venoms of Rattlesnakes and other Pit Vipers

Tsai, Inn-Ho; Chen, Yi‐Hsuan; Wang, Ying‐Ming; Tu, Ming-Chang; Tu, Anthony T.

doi:10.1006/abbi.2001.2524

Cited by 43 publications

(23 citation statements)

References 32 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…The discovery of a Pla2-gK gene in type B C. scutulatus (confirmed in three of three specimens; Figure S5G) was surprising because the gene, while present in certain Asian crotalids [29], has previously been reported in only two species of rattlesnakes: C. atrox [28] and C. molossus [30], which are not the closest relatives of C. scutulatus [31]. The Pla2-gK locus encodes a protein with myo- and hemotoxicity [32] that is abundant in C. atrox venom, but no PLA2gK polypeptides have been detected in mass spectrometry of C. scutulatus venom proteomes [15].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Extremely Divergent Haplotypes in Two Toxin Gene Complexes Encode Alternative Venom Types within Rattlesnake Species

et al. 2018

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Natural selection is generally expected to favor one form of a given trait within a population. The presence of multiple functional variants of traits involved in activities such as feeding, reproduction, or the defense against predators is relatively uncommon within animal species. The genetic architecture and evolutionary mechanisms underlying the origin and maintenance of such polymorphisms are of special interest. Among rattlesnakes, several instances of the production of biochemically distinct neurotoxic or hemorrhagic venom types within the same species are known. Here, we investigated the genetic basis of this phenomenon in three species and found that neurotoxic and hemorrhagic individuals of the same species possess markedly different haplotypes at two toxin gene complexes. For example, neurotoxic and hemorrhagic Crotalus scutulatus individuals differ by 5 genes at the phospholipase A2 (PLA2) toxin gene complex and by 11 genes at the metalloproteinase (MP) gene complex. A similar set of extremely divergent haplotypes also underlies alternate venom types within C. helleri and C. horridus. We further show that the MP and PLA2 haplotypes of neurotoxic C. helleri appear to have been acquired through hybridization with C. scutulatus-a rare example of the horizontal transfer of a potentially highly adaptive suite of genes. These large structural variants appear analogous to immunity gene complexes in host-pathogen arms races and may reflect the impact of balancing selection at the PLA2 and MP complexes for predation on different prey.

show abstract

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Extremely Divergent Haplotypes in Two Toxin Gene Complexes Encode Alternative Venom Types within Rattlesnake Species

et al. 2018

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Interestingly, Crotalus atrox and E. carinatus venom contain secretory phospholipases [26][27][28], which can metabolize phospholipids and release arachidonic acid. CYP1A1 and CYP1B1 have been shown to metabolize arachidonic acid and generate ROS during this process [29,30].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Immediate early inflammatory gene responses of human umbilical vein endothelial cells to hemorrhagic venom

2010

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Two of these PLA 2 s were orthologous to the alpha and beta subunits of nigroviriditoxin on average accounting for 0.2% and 0.5% of toxin expression, respectively. The third PLA 2 , Bnube-PLA2-3, made up 15.7% of toxin expression in one B. nubestris individual (CLP1865) and appears homologous to a non-enzymatic, myotoxic PLA 2 in B. schlegelii [40,41].…”

Section: Transcriptome Characterizationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Trait differentiation and modular toxin expression in palm-pitvipers

et al. 2020

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Background: Modularity is the tendency for systems to organize into semi-independent units and can be a key to the evolution and diversification of complex biological systems. Snake venoms are highly variable modular systems that exhibit extreme diversification even across very short time scales. One well-studied venom phenotype dichotomy is a trade-off between neurotoxicity versus hemotoxicity that occurs through the high expression of a heterodimeric neurotoxic phospholipase A 2 (PLA 2 ) or snake venom metalloproteinases (SVMPs). We tested whether the variation in these venom phenotypes could occur via variation in regulatory sub-modules through comparative venom gland transcriptomics of representative Black-Speckled Palm-Pitvipers (Bothriechis nigroviridis) and Talamancan Palm-Pitvipers (B. nubestris). Results: We assembled 1517 coding sequences, including 43 toxins for B. nigroviridis and 1787 coding sequences including 42 toxins for B. nubestris. The venom gland transcriptomes were extremely divergent between these two species with one B. nigroviridis exhibiting a primarily neurotoxic pattern of expression, both B. nubestris expressing primarily hemorrhagic toxins, and a second B. nigroviridis exhibiting a mixed expression phenotype. Weighted gene coexpression analyses identified six submodules of transcript expression variation, one of which was highly associated with SVMPs and a second which contained both subunits of the neurotoxic PLA 2 complex. The sub-module association of these toxins suggest common regulatory pathways underlie the variation in their expression and is consistent with known patterns of inheritance of similar haplotypes in other species. We also find evidence that module associated toxin families show fewer gene duplications and transcript losses between species, but module association did not appear to affect sequence diversification. Conclusion: Sub-modular regulation of expression likely contributes to the diversification of venom phenotypes within and among species and underscores the role of modularity in facilitating rapid evolution of complex traits.

show abstract

Purification, Sequencing, and Phylogenetic Analyses of Novel Lys-49 Phospholipases A2 from the Venoms of Rattlesnakes and other Pit Vipers

Cited by 43 publications

References 32 publications

Extremely Divergent Haplotypes in Two Toxin Gene Complexes Encode Alternative Venom Types within Rattlesnake Species

Extremely Divergent Haplotypes in Two Toxin Gene Complexes Encode Alternative Venom Types within Rattlesnake Species

Immediate early inflammatory gene responses of human umbilical vein endothelial cells to hemorrhagic venom

Trait differentiation and modular toxin expression in palm-pitvipers

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About