Push-Pull Modulation of a Composite-Resonator Vertical-Cavity Laser

Chen, Chen; Johnson, Klein; Hibbs‐Brenner, Mary K.; Choquette, Kent D.

doi:10.1109/jqe.2009.2031119

Cited by 20 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…For example, it was possible to have an error-free transmission up to 39 and 40 Gbit/bit/s direct modulation working in a temperature up to 100°C using oxide-confined 850 nm VCSELs with InGaAlAs based active regions. Another method of improving direct (current) modulation is to modulate two active cavities simultaneously and out of phase (Chen et al 2010). Reducing the photon lifetime by shallow surface etching of the top mirror reflectivity can also improve the direct modulation (Westbergh et al 2010(Westbergh et al , 2011).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dynamic modelling of electrooptically modulated vertical compound cavity surface emitting semiconductor lasers

Albugami

Avrutin

2017

Opt Quant Electron

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A generalized rate equation model is used to simulate the interrelated amplitude and frequency modulation properties of Electrooptically Modulated Vertical Compound Cavity Surface Emitting Semiconductor Lasers in both large and small signal modulation regimes. It is shown that the photon lifetime in the modulator subcavity provides the ultimate limit for the 3 dB modulation cutoff frequency. It is shown that there is an optimum design (number of periods) of both the intermediate and top multistack reflectors to maximise the large-signal modulation quality.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dynamic modelling of electrooptically modulated vertical compound cavity surface emitting semiconductor lasers

Albugami

Avrutin

2017

Opt Quant Electron

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“…VCSEL modulation at higher speeds is desired to satisfy the increasing demand for information bandwidth. Recently the VCSEL consisting of two optical cavities has demonstrated abili ties to achieve higher speed modulation [1 -3], as well as to provide additional functionalities for optical communications [4][5][6][7][8]. Specifically, the VCSEL with an optically coupled -cavity structure is known as the composite -resonator verticalcavity laser s (CRVCLs).…”

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confidence: 99%

“…As a special case, the CRVCL cavities can be directly modulated by two out -ofphase electrical signals [8]. The amplitude ratio between the two direct mo dulation signals can be adjusted such that there is no net change in the carrier and photon densities inside the laser, and thus the RO frequency is suppressed .…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The g round-signal-signal-ground (GSSG) coplanar waveguide contacts are deposited to facilitate high -speed signaling into both cavities as shown in Fig.1 The CRVCL can be modulated by: (i) varying current injection into the top or bottom cavity [1,5]; (ii) varying the reverse bias into one or the other cavity [2,3,6]; (iii) a combination of simultaneous current injection and reverse bias into the cavities. As a special case, the CRVCL cavities can be directly modulated by two out -ofphase electrical signals [8]. The amplitude ratio between the two direct mo dulation signals can be adjusted such that there is no net change in the carrier and photon densities inside the laser, and thus the RO frequency is suppressed .…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…3 (b), the intermediate amplitude levels 10 and 10 coincide, producing the threelevel PAM signaling. Microwave mixing can be achieved using CRVCLs [8]. Microwave signals at the frequency f 1 =3GHz and f 2 =3.2GHz provided by two individual RF signal generators are injected into the top and bottom cavity of the CRVCL, respectively.…”

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High speed modulation of coupled cavity VCSELs

Choquette

Chen

Plant

2010

Asia Communications and Photonics Conference and Exhibition

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Composite resonator vertical cavity lasers enable several modulation methods that lead to high speed performance and can be conf igured to perform different functionalities for data communications. In particular, push/pull modulation can produce modulation of the light output without changing the total carrier and photon densities in the laser.The v ertical-cavity surface -emitting laser (VCSEL) is the dominant source for short -haul optical communication . VCSEL modulation at higher speeds is desired to satisfy the increasing demand for information bandwidth. Recently the VCSEL consisting of two optical cavities has demonstrated abili ties to achieve higher speed modulation [1 -3], as well as to provide additional functionalities for optical communications [4][5][6][7][8]. Specifically, the VCSEL with an optically coupled -cavity structure is known as the composite -resonator verticalcavity laser s (CRVCLs). We review the various approaches for laser modulation in these devices, as well as new functionality such as microwave mixing and the generation of 10 Gb/s three -or four -level pulse amplitude modulation (PAM) signaling. These unique functionalit ies make the CRVCL attractive for future optical systems and potentially can address low power data center applications. Fig. 1 illustrates the stru cture of the CRVCL which we have studied . The CRVCL is composed of a monolithic bottom p -type distributed Br agg reflector (DBR) with 35 periods, a middle n -type DBR with 12.5 periods, and an upper p -type DBR with 22 periods. The middle DBR mirror separate s two optical cavities, each of which contains five GaAs/Al 0.2 Ga 0.8 As quantum wells. An 8 8 implant and 5 5 oxide aperture are formed in the upper and bottom mesa, respectively. The g round-signal-signal-ground (GSSG) coplanar waveguide contacts are deposited to facilitate high -speed signaling into both cavities as shown in Fig.1 (b). Fig. 1: (a) Sketch and (b) scanning electron micrograph of a CRVCL with GSSG high -speed contacts on the planarized surface.The CRVCL can be modulated by: (i) varying current injection into the top or bottom cavity [1,5]; (ii) varying the reverse bias into one or the other cavity [2,3,6]; (iii) a combination of simultaneous current injection and reverse bias into the cavities. As a special case, the CRVCL cavities can be directly modulated by two out -ofphase electrical signals [8]. The amplitude ratio between the two direct mo dulation signals can be adjusted such that there is no net change in the carrier and photon densities inside the laser, and thus the RO frequency is suppressed . The laser output modulation occurs by varying the longitudinal mode profile in the cavities. The longitudinal optical mode is either 'pushed' toward the laser output facet produ cing higher output p ower, or is 'pulled' toward the substrate side producing lower output power. Fig. 2 (a) illustrates the input modulation signals into the CRVCL. The peak-to-peak input voltage is 1.55 V a nd 1.02 V, and the diff erential series resistance is 95 0 ohm...

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Vertical electro-absorption modulator design and its integration in a VCSEL

Marigo-Lombart¹,

Calvez²,

Arnoult³

et al. 2018

J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys.

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Electro-absorption modulators, either embedded in CMOS technology or integrated with a semiconductor laser, are of high interest for many applications such as optical communications, signal processing and 3D imaging. Recently, the integration of a surface-normal electro-absorption modulator into a vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser has been considered. In this paper we implement a simple quantum well electro-absorption model and design and optimize an asymmetric Fabry–Pérot semiconductor modulator while considering all physical properties within figures of merit. We also extend this model to account for the impact of temperature on the different parameters involved in the calculation of the absorption, such as refractive indices and exciton transition broadening. Two types of vertical modulator structures have been fabricated and experimentally characterized by reflectivity and photocurrent measurements demonstrating a very good agreement with our model. Finally, preliminary results of an electro-absorption modulator vertically integrated with a vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser device are presented, showing good modulation performances required for high speed communications.

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Push-Pull Modulation of a Composite-Resonator Vertical-Cavity Laser

Cited by 20 publications

References 17 publications

Dynamic modelling of electrooptically modulated vertical compound cavity surface emitting semiconductor lasers

Dynamic modelling of electrooptically modulated vertical compound cavity surface emitting semiconductor lasers

High speed modulation of coupled cavity VCSELs

Vertical electro-absorption modulator design and its integration in a VCSEL

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