Quality of ATV Potable Water for ISS Crew Consumption

Lobascio, Cesare; Bruno, G.; Grizzaffi, L.; Meucci, Lorenza; Fungi, Martino; Giacosa, D.

doi:10.4271/2004-01-2491

Cited by 6 publications

(4 citation statements)

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“…For instance, the American and Russian waters are produced in conditioned and limited-access areas and preparation facilities, with no risk of accidental water quality modifications during the production process. At the research center of the Italian Società Metropolitana Acque Torino (SMAT), purified waters for space travels are also processed upon selecting well and spring waters that most closely meet the physical, chemical, and bacteriological quality standards for astronauts (Lobascio et al, 2004).…”

Section: The Iss Water Cyclementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Since microbial growth is unavoidable in persistent stagnation zones and at varying residence times along the water distribution network (Lautenschlager et al, 2010;Ling et al, 2018), the pre-and in-flight addition of biocides is used for residual microbial control. Molecular iodine is applied in the U.S. segment, while the ionic silver level is amended in Russian waters, both at low concentrations (i.e., not detrimental for human health) (Artemyeva, 2016;Lobascio et al, 2004). Moreover, high temperature in the catalytic reactor, multifiltration beds within the Water Processor Assembly, UV-C LEDs within the CO2 Concentration Assembly of the Advanced Closed Loop System, and novel antimicrobial coatings on various ISS surfaces were proved effective against potential microbial biomass growth (Bockstahler et al, 2017;Carter et al, 2018;Perrin et al, 2018;Roman et al, 2006;Sobisch et al, 2019).…”

Section: The Iss Water Cyclementioning

confidence: 99%

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Water and Microbial Monitoring Technologies towards the Near Future Space Exploration

Amalfitano¹,

Levantesi²,

Copetti³

et al. 2019

Preprint

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Space exploration is demanding longer lasting human missions and water resupply from Earth will become increasingly unrealistic. In a near future, the spacecraft water monitoring systems will require technological advances to promptly identify and counteract contingent events of waterborne microbial contamination, posing health risks to astronauts with lowered immune responsiveness. The search for bio-analytical approaches, alternative to those applied on Earth by cultivation-dependent methods, is pushed by the compelling need to limit waste disposal and avoid microbial regrowth from analytical carryovers. Prospective technologies will be selected only if first validated in a flight-like environment, by following basic principles, advantages, and limitations beyond their current applications on Earth. Starting from the water monitoring activities applied on the International Space Station, we provide a critical overview of the nucleic acid amplification-based approaches (i.e., loop-mediated isothermal amplification, quantitative PCR, and high-throughput sequencing) and early-warning methods for total microbial load assessments (i.e., ATP-metry, flow cytometry), already used at a high readiness level aboard crewed space vehicles. Our findings suggest that the forthcoming space applications of mature technologies will be necessarily bounded by a compromise between analytical performances (e.g., speed to results, identification depth, reproducibility, multiparametricity) and detrimental technical requirements (e.g., reagent usage, waste production, operator skills, crew time). As space exploration progresses toward extended missions to Moon and Mars, miniaturized systems that also minimize crew involvement in their end-to-end operation are likely applicable on the long-term and suitable for the in-flight water and microbiological research.

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Section: The Iss Water Cyclementioning

confidence: 99%

Section: The Iss Water Cyclementioning

confidence: 99%

Water and Microbial Monitoring Technologies towards the Near Future Space Exploration

Amalfitano¹,

Levantesi²,

Copetti³

et al. 2019

Preprint

Self Cite

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Lately, a method combining the capabilities of solid-phase extraction for preconcentration and the diffuse reflectance spectroscopy for the colorimetric detection of the silver complex with the reagent 5-(p-dimethylaminobenzylidene) rhodanine and with a nonionic surfactant (Brij 30) as additive, impregnated onto a solid-phase extraction disk, was tested for the determination of silver ions in waters intended for human consumption during space missions [4]. The basics of this study were improved and the design and initial ground-based performance evaluation of multiplexed colorimetric solid-phase extraction were reported [8] and translated to a method that just started a six- Another topic concerning drinking water on manned spacecrafts is the assessment of the chemical form of silver (colloidal [3,9] or silver ions [10]) exerting the biocide action.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Silver was added to the drinking water supplies of Russian Mir orbital station [2] and the International Space Station (ISS) [3]. At present, at concentrations up to 0.5 mg L −1 , silver is used as bacterial growth inhibitor in drinking water for the crew of space missions [4] and it is considered a NASA's priority quality water parameter.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%