Quantitative analysis of phenobarbital in biological fluids: Analyte enrichment by an electrically-assisted microextraction technique

Abstract

An electrically-assisted microextraction method called electromembrane extraction, followed by a simple high performance liquid chromatography and ultraviolet detection was developed and validated for determining phenobarbital in biological samples. The major parameters influencing the electromembrane extraction procedure including solvent composition, voltage, pH of acceptor and donor solutions, salt effect, and time of extraction were evaluated and optimized. The drug was extracted from the donor aqueous sample solution (pH 9) to the acceptor aqueous solution (pH 13). The donor and acceptor phases were separated by a hollow fiber dipped in 1-octanol as a supported liquid membrane. A voltage of 40 V during 20 minutes was applied as the driving force. The enrichment factor was obtained >51 which enhanced the sensitivity of the instrument. Limit of detection and limit of quantitation were 7.5 and 25 ng/ mL, respectively. The method was linear over the range of 25-1000 ng/mL for phenobarbital (R 2 >0.9998) with repeatability (%RSD) between 0.4% and 6.8% (n = 3). The proposed method was successfully applied to human plasma and urine samples with relative recovery of 70-80% and %RSD < 6.8%.Zahedi P, Davarani SSH, Moazami HR, Nojavan S. Surfactant assisted pulsed two-phase electromembrane extraction followed by GC analysis for quantification of basic drugs in biological samples.

Electromembrane extraction‐high‐performance liquid chromatography‐ultraviolet detection of phenobarbital and phenytoin in human plasma, saliva, and urine

“…Thus, parameters at which the system is optimized are different from those with only one analyte. [ 16,17,44,52 ] For example, Yaripour et al [ 44 ] and Seyfinejad et al [ 17 ] obtained the donor pH of 10 and 11 for PT, respectively; while in this paper we arrived at donor pH of 9, when we have both analytes.…”

A novel three‐dimensional printed device with conductive elements for electromembrane extraction combined with high‐performance liquid chromatography and ultraviolet detector

“…It should be noted that in our previous studies, the necessary parameters for EME, that is, linearity range, precision, accuracy, LOD, and LOQ for determining PB [40] and PT [41] separately, as well as simultaneous extraction of these drugs [38], were reported using classical setups. In the current paper, attention has been mainly paid to the analytical study and design of the newly proposed cell.…”

Recent applications of microextraction sample preparation techniques in biological samples analysis

“…The donor and acceptor phases were separated by a hollow fiber dipped in 1-octanol as a supported liquid membrane. The enrichment factor was about 50-fold, which enhanced the sensitivity of the instrument (Yaripour, Ebrahimi, & Mohammadi, 2020).…”

“…In this study a laboratory-made polyoxymethylene well plate served as a compartment for the sample solution, while a commercially available well filter plate was used to immobilize 2-nitrophenyl octyl ether as supported liquid membrane and as a closed compartment for the acceptor solution (Restan et al, 2020). Yaripour, Ebrahimi, and Mohammadi (2020) developed EME with HPLC and UV detection to study phenobarbital in urine and plasma samples. In this study the drug was extracted from the donor aqueous sample solution (pH 9) to the acceptor aqueous solution.…”