Quantitative catchment profiling to apportion faecal indicator organism budgets for the Ribble system, the UK's sentinel drainage basin for Water Framework Directive research

Stapleton, Carl Michael; Wyer, Mark D.; Crowther, John; McDonald, Adrian; Kay, David; Greaves, J.; Wither, A.; Watkins, John; Francis, Carol; Humphrey, N. F.; Bradford, Michael J.

doi:10.1016/j.jenvman.2006.11.035

Cited by 24 publications

(18 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…Several studies have quantified the relative impacts of animal derived fluxes of microbial pollution in water (46,47) and their association with disease (48). This indicates that pathogens from animal feces may enter waterways by direct deposition or as a result of overland runoff containing fecal material deposited in the watershed.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prevalence of Diarrhea-Associated Virulence Genes and Genetic Diversity in Escherichia coli Isolates from Fecal Material of Various Animal Hosts

Chandran

Mazumder

2013

Appl Environ Microbiol

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In order to assess the health risk associated with a given source of fecal contamination using bacterial source tracking (BST), it is important to know the occurrence of potential pathogens as a function of host. Escherichia coli isolates (n ‫؍‬ 593) from the feces of diverse animals were screened for various virulence genes: stx 1 and stx 2 (Shiga toxin-producing E. Eleven hosts were positive for only the eae (10.11%) gene, representing atypical EPEC, while two hosts were positive for both eae and EAF (1.3%), representing typical EPEC. stx 1 , stx 2 , or both stx 1 and stx 2 were present in 1 (0.1%,) 10 (5.56%), and 2 (1.51%) hosts, respectively, and confirmed as non-O157 by using a E. coli O157 rfb (rfb O157 ) TaqMan assay. STh and STp were carried by 2 hosts (2.33%) and 1 host (0.33%), respectively, while none of the hosts were positive for LT and ipaH. The repetitive element palindromic PCR (rep-PCR) fingerprint analysis identified 221 unique fingerprints with a Shannon diversity index of 2.67. Multivariate analysis of variance revealed that majority of the isolates clustered according to the year of sampling. The higher prevalence of atypical EPEC and non-O157 STEC observed in different animal hosts indicates that they can be a reservoir of these pathogens with the potential to contaminate surface water and impact human health. Therefore, we suggest that E. coli from these sources must be included while constructing known source fingerprint libraries for tracking purposes. However, the observed genetic diversity and temporal variation need to be considered since these factors can influence the accuracy of BST results.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prevalence of Diarrhea-Associated Virulence Genes and Genetic Diversity in Escherichia coli Isolates from Fecal Material of Various Animal Hosts

Chandran

Mazumder

2013

Appl Environ Microbiol

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“…Over the last decades, significant investment has been made in improving sewerage infrastructure in many parts of the developed world (3,4). However, as treatment levels have improved, contamination due to storm overflow discharges has become a more significant factor (5,6). These impacts are likely to increase in the future in line with population growth and urban development in coastal areas and changes in rainfall patterns associated with climate change (7).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Environmental Transmission of Human Noroviruses in Shellfish Waters

Campos

Lees

2014

Appl Environ Microbiol

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Human noroviruses (NoV) are the most common cause of epidemic gastroenteritis following consumption of bivalve shellfish contaminated with fecal matter. NoV levels can be effectively reduced by some sewage treatment processes such as activated sludge and membrane bioreactors. However, tertiary sewage treatment and substantial sewage dilution are usually required to achieve low concentrations of virus in shellfish. Most outbreaks have been associated with shellfish harvested from waters affected by untreated sewage from, for example, storm overflows or overboard disposal of feces from boats. In coastal waters, NoV can remain in suspension or associate with organic and inorganic matter and be accumulated by shellfish. Shellfish take considerably longer to purge NoV than fecal indicator bacteria when transferred from sewage-polluted estuarine waters to uncontaminated waters. The abundance and distribution of NoV in shellfish waters are influenced by the levels of sewage treatment, proximity of shellfish beds to sewage sources, rainfall, river flows, salinity, and water temperature. Detailed site-specific information on these factors is required to design measures to control the viral risk.

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“…A concern relating to catchment scale research is that the significance (and cause) of critical tributaries of poor water quality can be masked by the catchment approach if spatial units are aggregated to a whole catchment without interrogation of the contributory sub-catchment components. Work by Stapleton et al (2008) on the river Douglas sub-catchment of the Ribble catchment in the UK has illustrated this point. They were able to demonstrate that in the 1583km 2 Ribble catchment, over half the load of FIOs discharged were attributed to the relatively small sub-catchment of the River Douglas.…”

Section: Understanding Local Water In Tackling Pollution: the Importamentioning

confidence: 93%

Catchments, sub-catchments and private spaces: Scale and process in managing microbial pollution from source to sea

Winter

Oliver

Fish

et al. 2011

Environmental Science & Policy

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Exeter. He is a rural policy specialist and a rural sociologist with particular interests in applying interdisciplinary approaches to policy-relevant research and in direct engagement in the policy process.David Oliver is senior research fellow in the Centre for Sustainable Water Management in the Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University. His research background is in soil hydrology and water flow pathways, and microbial transfer and survival within agricultural

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Quantitative catchment profiling to apportion faecal indicator organism budgets for the Ribble system, the UK's sentinel drainage basin for Water Framework Directive research

Cited by 24 publications

References 21 publications

Prevalence of Diarrhea-Associated Virulence Genes and Genetic Diversity in Escherichia coli Isolates from Fecal Material of Various Animal Hosts

Prevalence of Diarrhea-Associated Virulence Genes and Genetic Diversity in Escherichia coli Isolates from Fecal Material of Various Animal Hosts

Environmental Transmission of Human Noroviruses in Shellfish Waters

Catchments, sub-catchments and private spaces: Scale and process in managing microbial pollution from source to sea

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