Quantitative multiphase analysis of archaeological bronzes by neutron diffraction

Siano, Salvatore; Kockelmann, W.; Bafile, Ubaldo; Celli, Milva; Iozzo, Mario; Miccio, M.; Može, O.; Pini, Roberto; Salimbeni, Renzo; Zoppi, M.

doi:10.1007/s003390101206

Cited by 43 publications

(40 citation statements)

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“…This information, compared to the above-mentioned diffraction results, was used to deduce the type of treatment undergone for the examined Etruscan samples. In figure 4 [4,5] shows that annealing and two different types of cooling dynamics (fast and slow) are certainly present, while hammering could also have been used as a working technique.…”

Section: Neutron Diffraction Measurements and Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Sulphide ions are produced essentially by the reaction 2SO 4 2− ↔ S 0 + S 2− + 4O 2 . The bacteria utilize oxygen for oxidative enzymatic activity, and one of the end products in seawater or sediments is hydrogen sulphide (2H + + S 2− ↔ H 2 S) which can form insoluble complexes with trace elements in oxygen-deficient sediments.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This does not change the crystal structure, but it expands the unit cell since tin atoms are bigger than copper ones. Evaluation of unit cell expansion provides indirectly information on the tin content and, therefore, the type of bronze [4,5]. Some bronzes also contain lead added to the mixture of copper and tin in order to lower the melting temperature during casting.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Composition and corrosion phases of Etruscan Bronzes from Villanovan Age

Festa

Caroppi

Filabozzi

et al. 2008

Meas. Sci. Technol.

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A neutron diffraction (ND) and neutron tomography (NT) study of laminated ancient bronzes was performed at the ISIS (Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, UK) neutron source and at the BENSC reactor (Hahn-Meitner Institut, Germany). The samples are part of an 8th century BC Etruscan collection discovered in the necropolises of Osteria-Poggio Mengarelli and Cavalupo in the Vulci area (Viterbo, Italy). The study allowed us to derive-in a totally non-destructive manner-information related to the main composition of the objects, possible presence of alterations and their nature, crusts and inclusions, as well as structure of the bulk. The presence of some components is linked to a variety of questions such as the correct determination of the historical and cultural timeframe, place and method of production, technologies adopted and conditions for restoration and preservation. Moreover, the data analysis of corrosion products provides information about the past environments and the physical/chemical events that transformed the objects into a partially corroded matrix.

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Section: Neutron Diffraction Measurements and Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Composition and corrosion phases of Etruscan Bronzes from Villanovan Age

Festa

Caroppi

Filabozzi

et al. 2008

Meas. Sci. Technol.

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…This approach is intrinsically destructive and cannot provide information about the residual stresses of the material. In recent years, techniques based upon penetrative probes such as hard X-rays radiations or neutrons gained a prominent position in the study of the metallic material crystal structure [4][5][6]. Respect to the classical approach these techniques offer the main advantage of being non-destructive.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Different Conditions of Formation Experienced by Iron Meteorites as Suggested by Neutron Diffraction Investigation

et al. 2018

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Abstract:In this communication, we report the results of a preliminary neutron diffraction investigation of iron meteorites. These planetary materials are mainly constituted by metallic iron with variable nickel contents, and, owing to their peculiar genesis, are considered to offer the best constrains on the early stages of planetary accretion. Nine different iron meteorites, representative of different chemical and structural groups, thought to have been formed in very different pressure and temperature conditions, were investigated, evidencing variances in crystallites size, texturing, and residual strain. The variability of these parameters and their relationship, were discussed in respect to possible diverse range of petrological conditions, mainly pressure and cooling rate, experienced by these materials during the crystallization stage and/or as consequence of post accretion events.

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“…The instrumentation employed for the time-of-flight (TOF) neutron diffraction measurements on bronze and other metal objects has been described previously [18,19,20]. The high penetration power of neutrons for most materials allows a noninvasive bulk analysis of relatively large, intact objects which can be studied in situ without preparation.…”

Section: Neutron and Synchrotron X-ray Diffraction Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

Early Bronze Technology at Land's End, North Western Iberia

Comendador-Rey

Morillo

Kockelmann

et al.

Science and Technology in Homeric Epics

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The North Western Iberia metal ore wealth, especially tin ore and gold, have been proposed as the main reason for the development of intense trade routes since early prehistory. Several authors have argued the existence of interactions between the northwest of the Iberian Peninsula and other cultures of the European Occident and the Mediterranean area. Ancient sources comment on the abundance of minerals and metals in the Cassiterides or Tin Islands. These accounts must have originated from sailors who from time immemorial were trading in these coasts. The name Cassiterides represents the first vague knowledge of the Greeks that tin was found overseas somewhere in or off Western Europe. The word κασσιτερος was known to Homer and is mentioned ten times in the Iliad. Cape Finisterre (Land's End for the Romans) was proposed as the northernmost point recorded in the Periplous of Pytheas the Massaliot, which seems to be the basic source used by Rufus Festus Avienus. B.Cunliffe has suggested that if Cape Finisterre was the place called Oestrymnis by Avienus in Ora Marítima, then Periplous could be seen as the guide that led Greek sailors from Marseille to the northwest of Iberia to trade for the coveted Galician tin some time around 500 BC.Recently, the study of prehistoric bronze working places more emphasis on technological aspects as a means of detecting changes in the pattern of metal production in the archaeological record. Bronze working appears in North Western Iberia at the end of the 3rd and the beginning of the 2nd millennium BC for short-scale production, distribution and consumption, mainly as prestige goods. Metals are a major component of the prestige economy described in the Homeric Epics and his accounts of Phoenician traders carrying metals hither and thither constitute the earliest literature reference. They suggest a prestige economy based in interchange of presents (most of them metals) that contribute to the perpetuation of the aristocracy, excluding ownership by the rest of the population.Recent preliminary analyses carried out at the synchrotron and the neutron sources at the Daresbury and Rutherford Laboratories have contributed to the understanding of technological details of this very early bronze metallurgy. Archaeological evidence sustains the hypothesis of an increase of the production during the late Bronze Age. Most of these objects are produced locally, imitating foreign styles, especially in the Atlantic area, with singular features related to the alloy composition and other features. Indeed, as early as the beginning of the 8th century BC, the Phoenicians had established a trading post at Gadir. From here Phoenician ships regularly sailed north up the Atlantic coast of Iberia. We can observe differences between the Late Bronze Age-Iron Age north-western metal production and the so-called tartesic bronzes. στορικου χαλκου δινει µεγαλυτερη εµφα ση σε τεχνολογικες λεπτοµερειες των αρχαιολογικων ευρηµατων για την ανιχνευση αλ λαγων στη µεταλλουργικη τεχνη. Η χαλκουργεια πρωτοεµφανιζεται σ...

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Quantitative multiphase analysis of archaeological bronzes by neutron diffraction

Cited by 43 publications

References 0 publications

Composition and corrosion phases of Etruscan Bronzes from Villanovan Age

Composition and corrosion phases of Etruscan Bronzes from Villanovan Age

Different Conditions of Formation Experienced by Iron Meteorites as Suggested by Neutron Diffraction Investigation

Early Bronze Technology at Land's End, North Western Iberia

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