Azobenzene and its derivatives have widely been recognized as systems with potential applications such as optical switching elements, and the mechanism of trans-cis photoisomerization, which is the basis for all these applications, has long been sought. The long-standing controversy on the relaxation mechanism of p-p * (S 2 ) excited trans-azobenzene (TAB) is addressed in this paper. The role of S 1 -S 2 intersection and the possible involvement of a third state in the S 2 photochemistry are investigated. The excited state structure and dynamics of TAB are extracted by modeling the Raman excitation profiles (REPs) of the S 1 and S 2 states and the absorption spectrum of TAB by Heller's time-dependent formalism. The REPs of S 2 are modeled in the single resonant state approximation by explicitly including the eight most Franck-Condon (FC) active modes. The obtained NN and CN bond lengths of S 2 and the intial dynamics in these coordinates following photoexcitation to S 2 are in agreement with recent theoretical calculations. The structural parameters of S 1 are obtained by exploiting the nature of interference in the REPs of S 1 .
From these parameters a three-mode-two-state vibronic coupling model, based on harmonic diabatic potentials and linear coupling, is formulated to study the S 2 -S 1 internal conversion dynamics. The resultsindicate that the S 1 -S 2 intersection is not directly accessible within electronic dephasing time of S 2 to cause significant population decay from S 2 to S 1 . The current conception of p-p * relaxation mechanisms in TAB is reviewed and revised on the basis of our observations and also from recently reported results of time-resolved and theoretical studies. The role of a third state (S 3 ), which appears to be an integral part of in the relaxation mechanism of S 2 , is pointed out and the feasibility of two competing relaxation pathways for S 2 state is identified. One is the direct rotationless S 2 -S 1 (C 2h ) internal conversion and the other is S 2 -S 3 internal conversion along rotational pathway followed by a branching of the S 3 population to S 0 and S 1 .