Qubit-Based Clock Synchronization for QKD Systems Using a Bayesian Approach

Abstract

Quantum key distribution (QKD) systems provide a method for two users to exchange a provably secure key. Synchronizing the users’ clocks is an essential step before a secure key can be distilled. Qubit-based synchronization protocols directly use the transmitted quantum states to achieve synchronization and thus avoid the need for additional classical synchronization hardware. Previous qubit-based synchronization protocols sacrifice secure key either directly or indirectly, and all known qubit-based synchronization protocols do not efficiently use all publicly available information published by the users. Here, we introduce a Bayesian probabilistic algorithm that incorporates all published information to efficiently find the clock offset without sacrificing any secure key. Additionally, the output of the algorithm is a probability, which allows us to quantify our confidence in the synchronization. For demonstration purposes, we present a model system with accompanying simulations of an efficient three-state BB84 prepare-and-measure protocol with decoy states. We use our algorithm to exploit the correlations between Alice’s published basis and mean photon number choices and Bob’s measurement outcomes to probabilistically determine the most likely clock offset. We find that we can achieve a 95 percent synchronization confidence in only 4140 communication bin widths, meaning we can tolerate clock drift approaching 1 part in 4140 in this example when simulating this system with a dark count probability per communication bin width of 8×10−4 and a received mean photon number of 0.01.

The quantum internet: A synergy of quantum information technologies and 6G networks

“…If a remote quantum computer is available, this functionality enables several approaches for blind quantum calculations. It also supports protocols for expanding telescope baselines [42], cryptographic activities such as anonymous quantum communication, secret sharing, easy election of a leader, and some clock synchronisation protocols [43].…”

Physical-Layer Security, Quantum Key Distribution, and Post-Quantum Cryptography

“…In the 11th article [ 22 ], authors introduce a Bayesian probabilistic algorithm that incorporates all published information in a qubit-based synchronization protocol to efficiently determine the clock offset without sacrificing any secure key. Given that the output of the algorithm is a probability, it can be used to quantify the synchronization confidence.…”