Rabies

Fishbein, Daniel B.; Robinson, Laura E.

doi:10.1056/nejm199311253292208

Cited by 107 publications

(59 citation statements)

References 55 publications

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“…Seventy-five percent (24/32) of the human rabies cases in the United States since 1990 have been attributed to bat variants (21–23). The two bat-variant deaths in New York exemplify the new realization that human rabies may result from encounters with bats when bites are unreported or unrecognized.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Public Health Impact of Reemergence of Rabies, New York

Chang

Eidson

Noonan-Toly

et al. 2002

Emerg. Infect. Dis.

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This report summarizes the spread of a raccoon rabies epizootic into New York in the 1990s, the species of animals affected, and human postexposure treatments (PET). A total of 57,008 specimens were submitted to the state laboratory from 1993 to 1998; 8,858 (16%) animals were confirmed rabid, with raccoons the most common species (75%). After exposure to 11,769 animals, 18,238 (45%) persons received PET, mostly because of contact with saliva or nervous tissue. We analyzed expenditure reports to estimate the cost of rabies prevention activities. An estimated $13.9 million was spent in New York State to prevent rabies from 1993 to 1998. Traditional prevention methods such as vaccinating pets, avoiding wildlife, and verifying an animal’s rabies status must be continued to reduce costly PET. To reduce rabid animals, exposures, and costs, oral vaccination of wildlife should also be considered.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Public Health Impact of Reemergence of Rabies, New York

Chang

Eidson

Noonan-Toly

et al. 2002

Emerg. Infect. Dis.

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“…Rabies is transmitted to humans primarily through the saliva and neurologic tissues of infected animals by direct or indirect exposure (Fishbein and Robinson, 1993;Rupprecht et al, 1996;Faber et al, 2004) and the disease is almost invariably fatal (Hattwick et al, 1972;Willoughby et al, 2005). There have been very rare reported cases of survival after the development of rabies (Centers for Disease Control [CDC], 2004).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Animal Rabies in Massachusetts, 1985–2006

Wang

Werner

Konomi

et al. 2009

Journal of Wildlife Diseases

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ABSTRACT:In this study, we review annual rabies data from Massachusetts from 1985 to 2006, spanning the introduction of raccoon strain rabies in 1992. Of 52,034 animals tested, 9.7% (5,049/ 52,034) were rabid, representing 26 of over 67 species submitted. Bats were the most common rabid animals prior to 1992 (50 of 52), but raccoons (Procyon lotor) became the most common rabies-positive species upon arrival of raccoon strain rabies virus (38.2%, 2,728 of 7,138 tested), followed by striped skunks (Mephitis mephitis, 34.4%, 1,489 of 4,332), bats (5.3%, 427 of 8,053), foxes (red fox, Vulpes vulpes, and gray fox, Urocyon cinereoargenteus, 16.3%, 135 of 827), cats (0.8%, 136 of 18,050), and woodchucks (Marmota monax, 5.7%, 82 of 1,446). Cats were the most frequently tested animal (34.7%). Raccoon strain rabies spread from two foci of introduction with an initial epizootic phase of 4 yr, by which time most of the state was affected. In 1992, there was a transition from enzootic bat rabies, with little spillover to other animals, to terrestrial rabies associated with raccoon strain virus. Although raccoons were most affected by the raccoon strain virus, there was spillover to other species, particularly to skunks. The eastern United States raccoon rabies epizootic led to a marked increase in submissions for rabies testing and the number of positive animals detected; however, bat rabies cases remained at their previous levels. Wild animal rabies presents a significant threat to humans and domestic/companion animals and increased costs related to increased demand for rabies testing, postexposure prophylaxis as well as euthanasia of valuable domestic animals.

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“…Rabies is a serious disease that continues to threaten many mammals in Asian countries and other areas of the world (Fishbein and Robinson, 1993;Pastoret, 2002;Hemachudha et al, 2002;Warrell and Warrell, 2004). WHO estimated human mortality from endemic canine rabies to be 55,000 deaths per year in Asia and Africa, with 56% of the deaths occurred in Asia.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%