Race and gender differences between gang and nongang youths: Results from a multisite survey

Esbensen, Finn‐Aage; Winfree, L. Thomas

doi:10.1080/07418829800093861

Cited by 150 publications

(129 citation statements)

References 30 publications

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“…Numerous previous studies [2,48,49] have suggested that delinquent and violent behavior is an exclusively male phenomenon, and gender is one of the strongest and most frequently documented correlates of delinquent behavior like our finding in this study. This is true for both individual and collective problem behavior, regardless of their countries [2,48,49]. As mentioned above, adolescents' antisocial personality was found to be one of the strongest contributing factors to delinquent behavior [1].…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 67%

The Impact of Family Violence, Family Functioning, and Parental Partner Dynamics on Korean Juvenile Delinquency

Kim

2008

Child Psychiatry Hum Dev

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The present study was aimed at determining the family factors related to juvenile delinquency and identifying the effect of family violence, family functioning, parental partner dynamics, and adolescents' personality on delinquent behavior among Korean adolescents. A cross-sectional study was performed using an anonymous, self-reporting questionnaire. The subjects for this study consisted of 1,943 Korean adolescents, including 1,236 students and 707 juvenile delinquents, using a proportional stratified random sampling method. Compared to student adolescents, delinquent adolescents perceived their parents as having a higher level of dysfunctional parental partner dynamics, poorer family functioning, and a higher level of family violence. Furthermore, delinquent adolescents were more likely to report a greater incidence of antisocial personality tendencies, a higher level of psychosomatic symptoms and frustration, and higher frequencies of delinquent behavior compared to student adolescents. Antisocial personality tendency and gender had the largest significant total effects on delinquent behavior, followed by family violence, psychosomatic symptoms, family functioning, parental partner dynamics and need frustration. On the other hand, family functioning and parental partner dynamics had the largest indirect effect on delinquent behavior. Gender, antisocial personality tendency, and family violence, in that order, had the largest direct effects on delinquent behavior. In conclusion, it is apparent from the results of the present study that delinquent Korean adolescents perceived and experienced significantly more family dysfunction, family violence, and poor parental partner dynamics than did non-delinquents.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 67%

The Impact of Family Violence, Family Functioning, and Parental Partner Dynamics on Korean Juvenile Delinquency

Kim

2008

Child Psychiatry Hum Dev

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“…Van Gemert (1998) pointed out that these groups had very similar immigration histories, lived in the same neighborhoods, and often went to the same schools, yet one ethnic group was more gang-involved than the other. There is a similar situation in the USA, where there are a disproportionately larger number of Latino, Asian, and African-American youth reported in survey and officially record statistics on gang membership (Esbensen and Winfree 1998;National Youth Gang Survey 2009).…”

Section: Culture Migration and Marginalizationmentioning

confidence: 94%

Gangs, Migration, and Crime: The Changing Landscape in Europe and the USA

Decker

Gemert²,

Pyrooz

2009

Int. Migration & Integration

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The history of gangs is intertwined with migration. In America, a number of classic studies have reported on the possible causal link between immigration, socioeconomic position, social disorganization, and gang formation. More recently in Europe, the impact of migration on gangs reflects a complex mix of factors that also includes cultural and media influences. In addition, there are other contextual factors such as immigration and population movement that have received less attention, yet condition the relationship between structural factors and the formation of gangs. Processes such as immigration, migration, and resettlement have had an important impact on the transmission of gangs on an international, national, and local scale, often enhanced by the impact of immigration. This article examines the relationship between immigration, culture, and gangs and contrasts European and US research.Résumé L'histoire des gangs est entrelacée avec celle de la migration. En Amérique, plusieurs études classiques ont fait état d'un lien causal possible entre l'immigration, la position socio-économique, la désorganisation sociale et la formation de gangs. Plus récemment en Europe, l'impact de la migration sur les gangs reflète un mélange de facteurs, y compris des influences culturelles et médiatiques. De plus, certains facteurs contextuels comme l'immigration et les mouvements de population, qui ont moins fait l'objet d'étude, conditionnent néanmoins le rapport entre des facteurs structurels et la formation de gangs. Des processus comme l'immigration, la migration et le rétablissement ont eu un impact important sur la transmission des gangs à l'échelle internationale, nationale et locale. Cet article étudie le rapport entre l'immigration, la culture et les gangs, et dresse une comparaison entre la recherche européenne et la recherche américaine.

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“…In research based on youth surveys, estimates of girls' share of total gang membership range from 20 percent to 46 percent Esbensen and Winfree, 1998;Fagan, 1990;Moore, 1991;Winfree et al, 1992), with wide variations from gang to gang. When female gang members in Columbus, OH, and St. Louis, MO, were asked what percentage of their gang's members were girls, answers ranged from 7 percent to 75 percent; the vast major ity were in predominantly male gangs (Miller, 2001).…”

Section: Membershipmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Boys are more likely than girls to remain gang involved into young adulthood; for girls, gang membership is much more likely to be limited to the adolescent years (Hunt, Joe-Laidler, and MacKenzie, 2005;Miller, 2001;Moore and Hage dorn, 1996). These gender-related variations may increase the likeli hood that male gang members will come to the attention of police more often than female gang members (Curry, 1999;Esbensen and Winfree, 1998 (Thornberry et al, 2000). Evidence from this longitudinal study also suggests that girls' gang involve ment tends to be of a shorter dura tion than boys', with girls' peak gang involvement around eighth and ninth grades.…”

Section: Membershipmentioning

confidence: 99%