The history of gangs is intertwined with migration. In America, a number of classic studies have reported on the possible causal link between immigration, socioeconomic position, social disorganization, and gang formation. More recently in Europe, the impact of migration on gangs reflects a complex mix of factors that also includes cultural and media influences. In addition, there are other contextual factors such as immigration and population movement that have received less attention, yet condition the relationship between structural factors and the formation of gangs. Processes such as immigration, migration, and resettlement have had an important impact on the transmission of gangs on an international, national, and local scale, often enhanced by the impact of immigration. This article examines the relationship between immigration, culture, and gangs and contrasts European and US research.Résumé L'histoire des gangs est entrelacée avec celle de la migration. En Amérique, plusieurs études classiques ont fait état d'un lien causal possible entre l'immigration, la position socio-économique, la désorganisation sociale et la formation de gangs. Plus récemment en Europe, l'impact de la migration sur les gangs reflète un mélange de facteurs, y compris des influences culturelles et médiatiques. De plus, certains facteurs contextuels comme l'immigration et les mouvements de population, qui ont moins fait l'objet d'étude, conditionnent néanmoins le rapport entre des facteurs structurels et la formation de gangs. Des processus comme l'immigration, la migration et le rétablissement ont eu un impact important sur la transmission des gangs à l'échelle internationale, nationale et locale. Cet article étudie le rapport entre l'immigration, la culture et les gangs, et dresse une comparaison entre la recherche européenne et la recherche américaine.

Background Liver cancer is one of the most commonly diagnosed cancers and the fourth leading cause of cancer-related death worldwide. Broad-spectrum kinase inhibitors like sorafenib and lenvatinib provide only modest survival benefit to patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). This study aims to identify novel therapeutic strategies for HCC patients. Methods Integrated bioinformatics analyses and a non-biased CRISPR loss of function genetic screen were performed to identify potential therapeutic targets for HCC cells. Whole-transcriptome sequencing (RNA-Seq) and time-lapse live imaging were performed to explore the mechanisms of the synergy between CDC7 inhibition and ATR or CHK1 inhibitors in HCC cells. Multiple in vitro and in vivo assays were used to validate the synergistic effects. Results Through integrated bioinformatics analyses using the Cancer Dependency Map and the TCGA database, we identified ATR-CHK1 signaling as a therapeutic target for liver cancer. Pharmacological inhibition of ATR or CHK1 leads to robust proliferation inhibition in liver cancer cells having a high basal level of replication stress. For liver cancer cells that are resistant to ATR or CHK1 inhibition, treatment with CDC7 inhibitors induces strong DNA replication stress and consequently such drugs show striking synergy with ATR or CHK1 inhibitors. The synergy between ATR-CHK1 inhibition and CDC7 inhibition probably derives from abnormalities in mitosis inducing mitotic catastrophe. Conclusions Our data highlights the potential of targeting ATR-CHK1 signaling, either alone or in combination with CDC7 inhibition, for the treatment of liver cancer.

Richard Wright G e o r g i a S t a t e U n i v e r s i t y Frank van Gemert V U U n i v e r s i t y A m s t e r d a m Research SummaryTo reduce individual and social harms, most nations prohibit certain psychoactive drugs. Yet, prior scholarship has suggested that prohibition reduces illicit drug sellers' access to law and thereby increases predation against and retaliation by them. No prior study, however, has directly tested that theory by comparing drug sellers of different legal statuses operating in a single place and time. This study analyzes rates of victimization, legal mobilization, and violent retaliation in three retail drug markets in Amsterdam, the Netherlands: the legally regulated alcohol trade of cafés, the decriminalized cannabis market of "coffeeshops," and the illegal street drug market. Results from interviews We thank Henry Brownstein and the anonymous reviewers for their input on how to improve the article.

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