“…In this topical collection we collect reviews and new results in ISM research with an emphasis on multi-messenger Astrophysics. There are contributions on the production of cosmic ray (CR) electrons (Alsaberi et al 2019) and their transport (Heesen 2021) as deduced from observations, the generation of X-rays and cosmic γ -rays in interstellar shocks (Sano and Fukui 2021), the mechanism of particle acceleration via diffuse shock acceleration (Urošević et al 2019), the thermal and non-thermal X-ray emission from superbubbles (Kavanagh 2020), and the characteristics of non-equilibrium ionisation plasmas (Breitschwerdt and de Avillez 2021). Next, there are contributions on simulations of cosmic ray propagation (Mertsch 2020), on their detection (Albrecht et al 2022) and what we can learn from that, on interstellar radioactive isotopes (Diehl 2021), and on observations of neutrinos (Kheirandish 2020).…”