Radio frequency carrier amplitude‐burst transmitters – from architecture to circuit

Pires, Sergio; Cabral, Pedro M.; Pedro, José C.

doi:10.1049/iet-map.2013.0620

Cited by 7 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…TL serves as an impedance transformer for lower and upper stop‐bands of filter. The TL length must be chosen such that the BPF is seen by the combiner as an equivalent T‐type filter, which presents high impedance to out‐of‐band PWM spurs. For the designed BPF, the simulation, results in an electrical length of ≈135 o , maximizes the out‐of‐band impedance seen by the combiner.…”

Section: A Prototype Transmitter Design and Simulation Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Power‐efficient burst‐mode RF transmitter based on reference‐adaptive multilevel pulse‐width modulation

Arian

Jannesari

2017

Circuit Theory & Apps

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Summary Burst‐mode operation of power amplifier (PA) based on multilevel pulse‐width modulation (MPWM) has been frequently discussed as a potential solution to achieve higher efficiency in radio frequency (RF) transmitters. In this paper, a novel multilevel PWM modulator is proposed that utilizes adaptive triangular reference waveforms. As compared with conventional MPWM modulators, the proposed architecture provides significant wider design space such that the efficiency of system can be effectively optimized. A general transmitter architecture based on the proposed concept is analyzed in terms of power efficiency. Efficiency optimization procedures are presented according to input magnitude statistics. Based on the proposed modulator, an optimized 2.4‐GHz RF transmitter is designed in a 0.18‐μm complementary metal‐oxide‐semiconductor (CMOS) process. The circuit‐level simulations show that it delivers 25.8‐dBm peak output power with 46.1% peak efficiency. For a 20‐MHz worldwide interoperability for microwave access (WiMAX) signal with 8.5‐dB peak‐to‐average‐power ratio (PAPR), this transmitter achieves 28.8% (average) efficiency at 17.3‐dBm (average) output power with an error vector magnitude (EVM) of 2.97% rms.

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Section: A Prototype Transmitter Design and Simulation Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Power‐efficient burst‐mode RF transmitter based on reference‐adaptive multilevel pulse‐width modulation

Arian

Jannesari

2017

Circuit Theory & Apps

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“…The design considerations for the direct PA-BPF connection in a PWM transmitter have been studied in previous works. 36,[41][42][43] Nevertheless, we include the efficiency drop of circulator into the measured results to estimate the performance of the proposed method in basic (but not optimal) implementation of PWM transmitter. For an RF PWM signal, the coding efficiency is defined as η c = P in-band /P tot , ie, the ratio of the desired in-band (average) RF power to the whole (average) RF power.…”

Section: Coding Efficiency and Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

High dynamic range pseudo–two‐level digital pulse‐width modulation for power‐efficient RF transmitters

Arian

Jannesari

2018

Circuit Theory & Apps

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Radio frequency (RF) power amplification based on pulse-width modulation (PWM) has been widely discussed as a potential solution to achieve higher efficiency in RF transmitters. A digitally implemented PWM introduces a large amount of in-band distortion due to spectral aliasing. In this paper, a novel memoryless PWM modulator with a built-in anti-aliasing filter is proposed that effectively reduces the in-band distortion in digital implementation. The spectral characteristics of the proposed PWM modulator as well as the statistical properties of its output PWM signal are analytically studied. The pseudotwo-level output of the proposed modulator provides the capability to compromise between the efficiency, linearity, and complexity of transmitter, based on the given design targets. The proposed PWM method benefits from a simple circuit implementation in both digital and RF sections of the transmitter.Moreover, it preserves the low distortion property at low oversampling ratios of digital baseband. Simulations, as well as measurements, verify the performance of the proposed method. low level of RF input signal, PA consumes no power, while at the high level, PA can be designed to work in saturated output power where it presents the best efficiency performance.Although PA in a PWM-based transmitter operates in its most power-efficient regions, converting RF magnitude into the pulse train generates a significant amount of unwanted frequency components in the output spectrum of PA. 17 As depicted in Figure 2, these spurs are located at integer multiples of PWM frequency ( f PWM ) around the RF carrier frequency ( f c ). The bandpass filter (BPF) in Figure 1 is located at the output of PA to remove these undesired spurs and obtain the amplified version of the RF input. The quality of the signal recovered by BPF highly depends on the amount of distortion around the band of interest in the spectrum of RF PWM signal. The dynamic range (DR) gives a criterion to measure this type of distortion. It is defined as the ratio between the average power of the desired in-band signal and the power of the surrounding distortion, which is given in dB (or dBc). A sufficiently high DR is essential at the output spectrum of PA to satisfy the in-band signal quality and tight spectral requirements imposed by modern wireless standards. This is not feasible unless the RF PWM signal driving the PA itself benefits from excellent spectral characteristics.The spectral characteristics of the analog PWM (APWM) signal have been frequently studied in previous works. [17][18][19][20][21][22] An APWM signal occupies a wide bandwidth with a spectral content that tends to roughly roll-off as ∝ 1= f f PWM with increasing the frequency. By choosing a large enough PWM frequency, f PWM , of the APWM modulator, an arbitrary high DR could be theoretically achieved 19,21 at the cost of a wider output spectral bandwidth. Nevertheless, the practical achievable DR of the modulator is significantly restricted by the accuracy and bandwidth limitation of its analog ...

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“…Radio transmitter equipment has a complicated structure, and it is composed of many electronic devices [7]. As shown in Figure 1, baseband signal is processed in digital signal processor block and then goes into analog circuit parts.…”

Section: Generation Mechanism Of Rf Fingerprintingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Radio Frequency Fingerprint Extraction Based on Multidimension Permutation Entropy

Deng

Huang

Wang

et al. 2017

International Journal of Antennas and Propagation

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Radio frequency fingerprint (RF fingerprint) extraction is a technology that can identify the unique radio transmitter at the physical level, using only external feature measurements to match the feature library. RF fingerprint is the reflection of differences between hardware components of transmitters, and it contains rich nonlinear characteristics of internal components within transmitter. RF fingerprint technique has been widely applied to enhance the security of radio frequency communication. In this paper, we propose a new RF fingerprint method based on multidimension permutation entropy. We analyze the generation mechanism of RF fingerprint according to physical structure of radio transmitter. A signal acquisition system is designed to capture the signals to evaluate our method, where signals are generated from the same three Anykey AKDS700 radios. The proposed method can achieve higher classification accuracy than that of the other two steady-state methods, and its performance under different SNR is evaluated from experimental data. The results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposal.

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Radio frequency carrier amplitude‐burst transmitters – from architecture to circuit

Cited by 7 publications

References 20 publications

Power‐efficient burst‐mode RF transmitter based on reference‐adaptive multilevel pulse‐width modulation

Power‐efficient burst‐mode RF transmitter based on reference‐adaptive multilevel pulse‐width modulation

High dynamic range pseudo–two‐level digital pulse‐width modulation for power‐efficient RF transmitters

Radio Frequency Fingerprint Extraction Based on Multidimension Permutation Entropy

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