Rainbow product ranking based relay placement and adaptive retransmission scheme for a reliable 802.15.4e LLDN

Abstract

Industrial Wireless Sensor Networks (IWSNs) adopted for wireless factory automation demand highly reliable, robust and delay sensitive communications over an interference prone and harsh channel conditions existing in factory environments. IEEE 802.15.4e Low Latency Deterministic Network (LLDN) mode is the latest in IWSN standards which attempt to satisfy these requirements assuming controlled RF environment with frequency planning. However, realistic indoor factory environments suffer from interference as well as multipath fading resulting in frequent packet losses, thereby affecting the communication reliability in terms of drop in overall Packet Delivery Ratio (PDR). To improve the reliability there are two important approaches, first cooperative diversity using relay nodes and second incorporation of Forward Error Correction (FEC) techniques, both of which are not available in the aforementioned standard. Hence, to enhance the reliability offered by 802.15.4e LLDN, we have proposed a two-fold solution in this paper. First an efficient and realistic relay node placement strategy based on Rainbow Product Ranking algorithm and second an Adaptive Retransmission scheme using selective cooperative diversity and Reed Solomon (RS) block codes.

IEEE 802.15.4e: A survey

“…In addition, the energy consumed by the relay node is not negligible, and the total energy consumed (device plus relay) is significantly higher than the energy consumed by a single device. For this reason, in [86], the authors propose a solution that aim at choosing the best deployment for relay nodes in an LLDN network, so as to reduce the packet loss while limiting the overall energy consumption. Their method uses a Rainbow Product Ranking algorithm in order to limit the number of required relay nodes and determine their positions.…”

“…To improve communication reliability, in the same paper [86], the authors also consider Reed Solomon codes as a Forward Error Correction (FEC) technique, and propose an Adaptive Retransmission algorithm to switch between the two strategies -i.e., FEC and relay nodes -according to the experienced link quality. The study has been conducted analytically and the proposed solution has been implemented on Matlab.…”

Tackling Mobility in Low Latency Deterministic Multihop IEEE 802.15.4e Sensor Network

“…Kapil et al [26] incorporate node relay placement strategy and error correction technique to minimize the number of retransmissions and hence, a reduced number of relays and better energy efficiency. The objective of the proposed approach is an adaptive retransmission technique by integrating a Reed Solomon error correction scheme with a relay placement mechanism (that is based on the rainbow ranking algorithm [27]).…”

Mobility Overhead in IEEE 802.15.4e Low Latency Deterministic Networks

“…[21] studies different configurations of superframe structure in Online state, to describe the relationship and trade-off among superframe length, base timeslot size and data payload with different levels of security. Other works on LLDN [16][17][18] extend the LLDN star topology to multi-hop networks, by amending the network structure with relay nodes. The relay nodes extend the network coverage area and boost the reliability via retransmitting unsuccessfully delivered packets.…”