Rainfall interception and evaporation from soil below a wheat canopy

Leuning, R.; Condon, AG; Dunin, F. X.; Zegelin, Steve; Denmead, O. T.

doi:10.1016/0168-1923(94)90004-3

Cited by 109 publications

(65 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…Indeed, the few studies on dense, low vegetation show high interception values (Leyton et al, 1967;De Villiers, 1982;Navar and Bryan, 1994;Leuning et al, 1994).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Water storage and evaporation as constituents of rainfall interception

Klaassen

Bosveld

Water

1998

Journal of Hydrology

227

178

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Intercepted rainfall may be evaporated during or after the rain event. Intercepted rain is generally determined as the difference between rainfall measurements outside and inside the forest. Such measurements are often used to discriminate between water storage and evaporation during rain as well. Two well-accepted methods underestimate water storage by a factor two as compared to direct observations. The underestimation of storage is compensated by an overestimation of evaporation during rain by a factor of three. The direct observations of water storage and evaporation appear to agree with previous direct observations. Thus, it is concluded that these observations are representative. Also, our results based on methods using only rainfall measurements inside and outside the forest appear to agree with previous results. This would result in the conclusion that the common methods systematically underestimate water storage and overestimate evaporation during rain. Indeed, the systematic errors can be explained by the neglect of drainage before saturation. Water storage is better simulated assuming an exponential saturation of a larger storage capacity. A smaller evaporation can be simulated using an appropriate resistance to vapour transport. The observations in dense coniferous forest showed water storage to be the dominant process in rainfall interception, but this conclusion should not be generalized to other forests and climates. Direct observations of water storage and evaporation are recommended to build a realistic set of parameters for rainfall interception studies of the main vegetation types. ᭧

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“…Indeed, the few studies on dense, low vegetation show high interception values (Leyton et al, 1967;De Villiers, 1982;Navar and Bryan, 1994;Leuning et al, 1994).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Water storage and evaporation as constituents of rainfall interception

Klaassen

Bosveld

Water

1998

Journal of Hydrology

227

178

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“…VPD is primarily a difference between saturated and ambient concentrations of atmospheric water vapour. Bierhuizen and Slatyer (1965), Tanner and Sinclair (1983), and Leuning et al (1994) reported that plant growth was directly proportional to transpirational water use, but inversely dependent on atmospheric VPD. Relative annual water requirements and plant yields for numerous C 3 and C 4 plants were determined earlier last century with large lysimeters, and averaged over a number of years and varieties ( Briggs and Shantz 1914;de Wit 1958).…”

Section: Wue and Implications For Soil Water Usementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Although numerous studies have shown a positive relationship between soil water use and biomass production from well-managed studies in the field and under controlled conditions (Tanner and Sinclair 1983;Singh and Misra 1985;Leuning et al 1994;Ghannoum et al 2001), the potential to use this relationship to minimise deep drainage needs to be explored further under different farming systems.…”

Section: Plant Nutritionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Maximising the use of soil water by herbaceous species in the high rainfall zone of southern Australia: a review

Singh¹,

Bird²,

Saul³

2003

Aust. J. Agric. Res.

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Abstract. The planting of deep-rooted pasture species, herbaceous shrubs, and trees has been widely recommended to reduce deep drainage and recharge to the groundwater in the high rainfall zone (HRZ). However, in more recent years, the value of perennial pastures to reduce recharge has been questioned in areas with >600 mm annual rainfall. Currently, pastures dominated by annual species with relatively low productivity occur across much of the HRZ where deep drainage is most likely contributing to recharge. This review outlines our current understanding of water use by various herbaceous species, and indicates ways in which their water use may be increased in the HRZ of southern Australia.To reduce deep drainage in the HRZ, the soil water deficit must be increased prior to the opening autumn rains. This will allow a greater storage of water before any potential deep drainage occurs. There are two ways that this can be achieved with the use of herbaceous species. Firstly, change to or encourage species that use more water annually. Although plants with deeper root systems including lucerne have the ability to dry the soil to depth, a combination of winter-and summer-active species, rotational grazing, and pasture spelling would extend the active growing season and soil water use of annual and perennial species. A second option is to increase the productivity of the pasture, as there is a direct link between growth and water use. For example, improving pasture productivity by 50%, say from 8 to 12 t dry matter/ha, could use (transpire) approximately 160 mm more water annually by a C 3 species, irrespective of evaporation from the soil surface or evaporative demand factors. This is supported by strong correlations between plant dry mass and water use among a wide range of C 3 and C 4 plants of diverse growth form and habitat. This relationship appears to have been overlooked in recent studies of various components of the soil water balance model, possibly due to limited and unreliable estimates of evapotranspiration (ET). An improved relationship between 'estimated' ET and measured dry matter production should improve the capability of the soil water balance model to predict deep drainage, which is primarily dependent on the ET. Ways to increase pasture productivity and soil water use include regular applications of fertiliser and lime, and better management of waterlogged and acidic soils in the HRZ. Summer-active native species may also be useful on soils where the persistence of other deep-rooted perennials is poor; however, little is known about their productivity and persistence when heavily grazed.We believe that the relationship between water use and pasture production needs to be reassessed to improve the predictability of the soil water balance approach and recommend further research in both the field and under controlled conditions to determine the potential for increased water use in the HRZ of southern Australia by combinations of plant species and greater pasture productivity.A R 0 2 0 8 3 W a t e r u ...

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“…The cumulative impression from several such studies (Ashktorab et al, 1994;Klocke, 2003;Leuning et al, 1994;Massman and Ham, 1994;Peters and Russell, 1959;Villabalobos and Fereres, 1990), as well as from a review paper (Burt et al, 2005), is that cumulative growing-season soil evaporation ranges from 20% to 50% of total evapotranspiration for wellwatered crops -both irrigated and rain-fed. Thus crop percentages in the literature are similar to those for semi-arid grasslands and also in good agreement with the model results in Fig.…”

Section: Potential and Actual Soil Evaporationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ecohydrologic controls on vegetation density and evapotranspiration partitioning across the climatic gradients of the central United States

Kochendorfer

Ramı́rez

2010

Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci.

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Abstract. The soil-water balance and plant water use are investigated over a domain encompassing the central United States using the Statistical-Dynamical Ecohydrology Model (SDEM). The seasonality in the model and its use of the twocomponent Shuttleworth-Wallace canopy model allow for application of an ecological optimality hypothesis in which vegetation density, in the form of peak green leaf area index (LAI), is maximized, within upper and lower bounds, such that, in a typical season, soil moisture in the latter half of the growing season just reaches the point at which water stress is experienced. Via a comparison to large-scale estimates of grassland productivity, modeled-determined peak green LAI for these systems is seen to be at least as accurate as the unaltered satellite-based observations on which they are based. A related feature of the SDEM is its partitioning of evapotranspiration into transpiration, evaporation from canopy interception, and evaporation from the soil surface. That partitioning is significant for the soil-water balance because the dynamics of the three processes are very different. Surprising little dependence on climate and vegetation type is found for the percentage of total evapotranspiration that is soil evaporation, with most of the variation across the study region attributable to soil texture and the resultant differences in vegetation density. While empirical evidence suggests that soil evaporation in the forested regions of the most humid part of the study region is somewhat overestimated, model results are in excellent agreement with observations from croplands and grasslands. The implication of model results for waterlimited vegetation is that the higher (lower) soil moisture content in wetter (drier) climates is more-or-less completely Correspondence to: J. A. Ramírez (ramirez@engr.colostate.edu) offset by the greater (lesser) amount of energy available at the soil surface. This contrasts with other modeling studies which show a strong dependence of evapotranspiration partitioning on climate.

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Rainfall interception and evaporation from soil below a wheat canopy

Cited by 109 publications

References 19 publications

Water storage and evaporation as constituents of rainfall interception

Water storage and evaporation as constituents of rainfall interception

Maximising the use of soil water by herbaceous species in the high rainfall zone of southern Australia: a review

Ecohydrologic controls on vegetation density and evapotranspiration partitioning across the climatic gradients of the central United States

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