Rapid Adsorption of Proinflammatory Cytokines by Graphene Nanoplatelets and Their Composites for Extracorporeal Detoxification

Abstract

Sepsis is a complex clinical syndrome that features excessive release of cytokines and other inflammatory mediators that could lead to organ dysfunction. Despite different treatment and management options, sepsis associated high morbidity and mortality rates remain. This has prompted intensive research into alternative therapeutic approaches such as targeted removal of sepsis related molecules using extracorporeal hemoperfusion. In this study, we explore the use of graphene nanoplatelets (GNP) as lowcost alternative hemosorbents for rapid removal of a broad spectrum of proinflammatory cytokine markers. Firstly, the physical characteristics, cytotoxicity, and cytokine marker adsorption profile of GNP were assessed. The results not only confirmed the surface characteristics of GNP and their ability to rapidly remove cytokine markers, but also indicated a low cytotoxicity towards the hepatic cell line HepG2. GNP were then incorporated into a freestanding flexible GNP-poly(tetrafluoroethylene) film with preserved surface characteristics and cytokine adsorption profile for potential use in hemoperfusion applications.

Adsorption of Bovine Serum Albumin on Carbon-Based Materials

“…than 100 times the original [29]. TEM images showed that GnP agglomerate consisted of submicron size particles [30] indicating that each GnP particle is formed by stacks of graphene layers. To understand the difference in the adsorption capacity of carbon materials with different surface functional groups, a detailed XPS analysis of their surface chemistry was performed ( Table 1).…”

“…BSA solutions were prepared in phosphate-buffered saline, PBS (pH 7.2). Kinetic studies were conducted with BSA solutions (1 mg/mL) at varying adsorption times (5,10,20,30, 60 and 90 min) at room temperature while shaking at 150 rpm. Prior to BSA adsorption, expanded graphite (~100 mg) was equilibrated overnight in PBS (2.0 mL) to prevent adsorption of environmental contaminants from the air and then the excessive liquid phase was separated by centrifugation.…”

“…TEM images showed that GnP agglomerate consisted of submicron size particles [30] indicating that each GnP particle is formed by stacks of graphene layers. than 100 times the original [29].…”

<p>Applications of Graphene and Its Derivatives in Bone Repair: Advantages for Promoting Bone Formation and Providing Real-Time Detection, Challenges and Future Prospects</p>

“…153,154 GDs had been shown to stimulate immune cells to produce different responses. 155,156 In this subsection, we reviewed the immunomodulatory mechanism of GDs-induced bone regeneration, which was normally in two ways.…”

Nanotools for Sepsis Diagnosis and Treatment

“…Treatment with CDCs postannealed in Ar or NH 3 and synthesized from <38 µm sized precursor particles facilitated the highest removal efficiency of all cytokines (99-100%) within 60 min. This study highlights the importance of NPs synthetic identify for efficient blood purification and fueled the design of other carbon-based NPs, [119,120] such as graphene nanoplatelets, [121,122] with cytokines adsorption capacity.…”