“…On the one hand, a large number of silanol groups (Si-OH) with low pKa (∼2) endow the VMSF with a negatively charged surface, which can accelerate the transfer of positively charged molecules to the electrode surface, leading to a significant enrichment effect. On the other hand, ultrasmall nanochannels of the VMSF can exclude large-sized substances, which can effectively suppress the interference of coexisting substances in complex samples, providing high antifouling ability and good signal stability ( Yan et al, 2020a ; Yan et al, 2020b ; Lin et al, 2020 ; Liu et al, 2020 ; Ma et al, 2020 ; Yan et al, 2021a ; Wang et al, 2021b ; Yan et al, 2021b ; Qiu et al, 2021 ; Yanyan et al, 2021 ). Therefore, the VMSF has great potential in the development of facile ECL sensors for direct and sensitive analysis of antibiotics in complex samples.…”