Rapid Serodiagnosis of Leptospirosis by Latex Agglutination Test and Flow-Through Assay

Diagnosis of Human Leptospirosis: Comparison of Microscopic Agglutination Test with Recombinant LigA/B Antigen-Based In-House IgM Dot ELISA Dipstick Test and Latex Agglutination Test Using Bayesian Latent Class Model and MAT as Gold Standard

“…This is in stark contrast to the MAT, which is a cumbersome test due to the requirement of live leptospiral antigens whose maintenance is a tedious task that requires a dedicated and highly skilled technical staff with optimum training in handling live leptospiral cultures [ 16 ]. Moreover, both the IgM dot ELISA dipstick test and the LAT are highly economical bedside tests that require less sophisticated equipment [ 17 , 21 ], which is in sharp contrast to the MAT that requires costly equipment such as a biological oxygen demand (BOD) incubator and a dark field microscope (DFM) [ 23 ]. Additionally, both these spot tests generate limited amounts of biomedical waste and their alluring properties include their portability and simplicity [ 22 , 38 ], which is in clear contrast to the MAT that generates considerable biomedical waste, largely in the form of old leptospiral cultures that require a proper disposal system, and is non-portable due to the requirement of equipment and other laboratory facilities [ 23 ].…”

“…The ideal diagnostic test for leptospirosis should be readily available, economical, should have high sensitivity and specificity during the acute phase of infection and give rapid test results [ 12 ]. The latex agglutination test (LAT) is a striking example of a highly economical, rapid screening, point-of-care test tailor-made for the large-scale screening of sera samples in endemic areas without using any sophisticated equipment [ 17 ]. The LAT has been used successfully in several instances by epidemiologists for the detection of anti-leptospiral antibodies in humans by coating latex beads with recombinant proteins such as LipL41, LipL32 and Lsa27 [ 17 , 18 , 19 , 20 ].…”

“…The latex agglutination test (LAT) is a striking example of a highly economical, rapid screening, point-of-care test tailor-made for the large-scale screening of sera samples in endemic areas without using any sophisticated equipment [ 17 ]. The LAT has been used successfully in several instances by epidemiologists for the detection of anti-leptospiral antibodies in humans by coating latex beads with recombinant proteins such as LipL41, LipL32 and Lsa27 [ 17 , 18 , 19 , 20 ]. Another inexpensive and user-friendly point-of-care test widely used due to its simplicity is the Dot ELISA Dipstick test (DEDT) that can be used for detecting either IgM or IgG antibodies in humans and animals either in a single test format or for screening a large number of sera samples [ 21 , 22 , 23 ].…”

Immunoinformatic Study of Recombinant LigA/BCon1-5 Antigen and Evaluation of Its Diagnostic Potential in Primary and Secondary Binding Tests for Serodiagnosis of Porcine Leptospirosis

“…Both the LAT and IgG Dot ELISA Dipstick test are field-oriented, highly economical, spot tests which require less sophisticated equipments [10,11] which is in stark contrast to MAT which is a laboratory-oriented test, which requires costly equipments such as Dark Field Microscope (DFM) and Biological Oxygen demand (BOD) Incubator. Moreover, both LAT and IgG Dot ELISA Dipstick test are user friendly tests which can be easily performed, and test results interpretation can be done by non-skilled personnel with minimal training.…”

“…A noteworthy example for field-oriented spot test is Latex Agglutination Test (LAT) which is a highly economical, rapid screening penside test ideally suited for large-scale screening of sera samples in endemic areas without using any sophisticated equipment [10]. Another field-oriented test is Dot-ELISA which is a simple, inexpensive and user-friendly test that can be used either in a single test format or for screening a large number of sera specimens [11,12].…”