Rare earth distributions in catalysts and airborne particles

Kitto, Michael E.; Anderson, David L.; Gordon, Glen E.; Ölmez, I.

doi:10.1021/es00031a014

Cited by 88 publications

(53 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…In the past, trace metal assessments of urban soils frequently examined trace metals that were traditionally significant for the environment and health, particularly Cd, Cu, Pb, and where leaded gasoline is no longer in use (Kitto et al, 1992;Huang et al, 1994;Zayed et al, 1999a&b;Sutherland, 2003;Zereini et al, 2004). These elements have been chosen for their usefulness in the identification of sources of contaminants and their potential health implications.…”

Section: Inclusion Of Other Trace Metalsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It has been documented that atmospheric emissions of REEs and PGEs can be attributed to abrasion and corrosion of catalytic converters coupled with fuel combustion, as fossil fuels contain trace quantities of REEs (0.5 -2.0 % in the oxide forms), and catalytic converters in vehicles are now dominantly made with PGEs (Kitto et al, 1992;Huang et al, 1994;Zereini et al, 2004). Work conducted in U.K. towns over the period 1982-1998 has clearly demonstrated that there has been an increase in PGEs in road dust Hutchinson et al, 2000).…”

Section: Inclusion Of Other Trace Metalsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Urban environmental geochemistry of trace metals

Wong

Thornton

2006

Environmental Pollution

546

225

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"Capsule": Urban environmental geochemistry as a scientific discipline provides valuable information on trace metal contamination of the urban environment and its associated health effects. AbstractAs the world's urban population continues to grow, it becomes increasingly imperative to understand the dynamic interactions between human activities and the urban environment. The development of urban environmental geochemistry has yielded a significant volume of scientific information about geochemical phenomena found uniquely in the urban environment, such as the distribution, dispersion, and geochemical characteristics of some toxic and potentially toxic trace metals. The aim of this paper is to provide an overview of the development of urban environmental geochemistry as a field of scientific study and highlight major transitions during the course of its development from its establishment to the major scientific interests in the field today. An extensive literature review is also conducted of trace metal contamination of the urban terrestrial environment, in particular of urban soils, in which the uniqueness of the urban environment and its influences  Corresponding author (X. D. Li): E-mail address: cexdli@polyu.edu.hk. Tel.: +852-2766-6041; Fax: +852-2334-6389. This is the Pre-Published Version.2 on trace metal contamination are elaborated. Last, potential areas of future development in urban environmental geochemistry are identified and discussed.

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Section: Inclusion Of Other Trace Metalsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Inclusion Of Other Trace Metalsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Urban environmental geochemistry of trace metals

Wong

Thornton

2006

Environmental Pollution

546

225

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“…The cracking catalyst contains high concentrations of La and Gd. However, The cracking catalyst also contains high concentrations of light REEs such as Ce, Pr, Nd (Kitto et al, 1992;Kulkarni et al, 2007). Therefore, if the cracking catalyst was the source, the excesses of light REEs would be expected along with La and Gd excesses.…”

Section: Source Of La and Gd (And Possibly Y) Excessesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Among these rare metals, rare earth elements (REEs) have been noticed (Sholkovitz et al, 1993;Bau and Dulski, 1996;Nozaki et al, 2000;Wang et al, 2001;Rühling and Tyler, 2004;Aubert et al, 2006;Kulkarni et al, 2006;Shimamura et al, 2007;Ryu et al, 2007). Shale-normalized (or upper crust average-normalized) REE patterns in precipitation, particle matters in precipitation, or aerosols were usually different from those in the upper crust or in sea water (Kitto et al, 1992;Sholkovitz et al, 1993;Zhang and Liu, 2004;Kulkarni et al, 2006;Moreno et al, 2008). It is difficult to explain these REE patterns by the simple mixing of oceanic and crustal sources (Zhang and Liu, 2004).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Determination of rare earth elements in rainwater collected in suburban Tokyo

Iwashita¹,

Saito²,

Arai³

et al. 2011

Geochem. J.

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Rare earth element (REE) concentrations were determined in 32 rainfall events collected in suburban Tokyo. Two or more samples were collected for 13 events out of 32 events. A pre-concentration method was applied using a chelate resin solid phase extraction column. Good and uniform recoveries for REEs (Y to Lu, 99~101% at pH = 3.7~4.0) were obtained. Detection limits reached as low as 0.001 ng L -1 (for Tb) with a 30 fold pre-concentration using a conventional Q-pole ICP-MS. Clear La and Gd excesses (definition is in the text) were evident in many cases. Y, Eu, Lu and Yb excesses may also exist in some events. In some events where multiple samplings were performed, crust normalized REE patterns changed during the rainfall events. These are the first evidences of clear REE pattern variations during the same rainfall events. The initial and final stage of some rainfall events may have different origins for the REEs. The correlations among the REEs with respect to logarithmic concentrations indicate that most of the REEs are of natural origin while La and Gd may have common anthropogenic components. We propose that materials for high refractive index and low dispersion optical glass production processes could be potential sources of La and Gd excesses because 1) La and Gd excesses are correlated, 2) other sources such as a cracking catalyst for petroleum refining or a contrast agent of magnetic resonance imaging cannot explain the excesses.

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“…It is crucial to monitor REEs in PM 2.5 , especially in industrial environments, because they are the sole tracers to track fluidized-bed catalytic cracking (FCC) emissions from petroleum refining operations [10,11,13]. Even though La and Ce have been reported for vehicle PM 2.5 emissions [14,15] and occasionally in ambient PM [4,9], analyzing other lanthanides is essential to identify loss of FCC catalysts from petroleum refineries and their contributions to ambient PM 2.5 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Microwave-assisted extraction of rare earth elements from petroleum refining catalysts and ambient fine aerosols prior to inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry

Kulkarni

Chellam

Mittlefehldt

2007

Analytica Chimica Acta

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In the absence of a certified reference material, a robust microwave-assisted acid digestion procedure followed by inductively coupled plasma -mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) was developed to quantify rare earth elements (REEs) in fluidized-bed catalytic cracking (FCC) catalysts and atmospheric fine particulate matter (PM2.5). High temperature (200 °C), high pressure (200 psig), acid digestion (HNO3, HF, and H3BO3) with 20 minute dwell time effectively solubilized REEs from six fresh catalysts, a spent catalyst, and PM2.5. This method was also employed to measure 27 non-REEs including Na, Mg, Al, Si, K, Sc, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Ga, As, Se, Rb, Sr, Zr, Mo, Cd, Cs, Ba, Pb, and U. Complete extraction of several REEs (Y, La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Tb, Dy, and Er) required HF indicating that they were closely associated with the aluminosilicate structure of the zeolite FCC catalysts. Internal standardization using 115In quantitatively corrected non-spectral interferences in the catalyst digestate matrix. Inter-laboratory comparison using ICP-optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) and instrumental neutron activation https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp? R=20060022633 2018-05-10T22:17:43+00:00Z analysis (INAA) demonstrated the applicability of the newly developed analytical method for accurate analysis of REEs in FCC catalysts. The method developed for FCC catalysts was also successfully implemented to measure trace to ultra-trace concentrations of La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Sm, Gd, Eu, and Dy in ambient PM2.5 in an industrial area of Houston, TX. Analytical novelty of the research. We have developed and quantitatively verified microwave digestion and inductively coupled plasma -mass spectrometry techniques to accurately and precisely measure all naturally occurring rare earth elements in the aluminosilicate matrices of fluidized-bed catalytic cracking catalysts and atmospheric fine particles. One important basis of our research is that to date, no certified reference material is available for these zeolite-based catalysts. Additionally, existing reference materials for atmospheric particles such as SRM 1648 from the National institute of Standards and technology only include four rare earths (La, Ce, Sm, and Eu) and that too only as uncertified elements. were detected in PM 2.5 samples from Houston's Ship Channel area. We demonstrate that the loss of FCC catalyst from the refinery was the primary source of REEs in ambient atmospheric fine particles and that increase in PM 2.5 mass was predominantly caused by the loss of FCC catalyst during the "upset" event. U N I V E R S I T Y of H O U S T O NI appreciate the opportunity to publish in Analytica Chimica Acta. As the corresponding author, please contact me at chellam@uh.edu if I can provide additional information.Sincerely, Shankar Chellam Associate Professor Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering Department of Chemical EngineeringMicrowave-assisted extraction of rare earth elements from petroleum refining catalysts and ambient fine aerosols prior to inductive...

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Rare earth distributions in catalysts and airborne particles

Cited by 88 publications

References 11 publications

Urban environmental geochemistry of trace metals

Urban environmental geochemistry of trace metals

Determination of rare earth elements in rainwater collected in suburban Tokyo

Microwave-assisted extraction of rare earth elements from petroleum refining catalysts and ambient fine aerosols prior to inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry

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