Rare earth smart nanomaterials for bone tissue engineering and implantology: Advances, challenges, and prospects

Abstract

Bone grafts or prosthetic implant designing for clinical application is challenging due to the complexity of integrated physiological processes. The revolutionary advances of nanotechnology in the biomaterial field expedite and endorse the current unresolved complexity in functional bone graft and implant design. Rare earth (RE) materials are emerging biomaterials in tissue engineering due to their unique biocompatibility, fluorescence upconversion, antimicrobial, antioxidants, and anti‐inflammatory properties. Researchers have developed various RE smart nano‐biomaterials for bone tissue engineering and implantology applications in the past two decades. Furthermore, researchers have explored the molecular mechanisms of RE material‐mediated tissue regeneration. Recent advances in biomedical applications of micro or nano‐scale RE materials have provided a foundation for developing novel, cost‐effective bone tissue engineering strategies. This review attempted to provide an overview of RE nanomaterials' technological innovations in bone tissue engineering and implantology and summarized the osteogenic, angiogenic, immunomodulatory, antioxidant, in vivo bone tissue imaging, and antimicrobial properties of various RE nanomaterials, as well as the molecular mechanisms involved in these biological events. Further, we extend to discuss the challenges and prospects of RE smart nano‐biomaterials in the field of bone tissue engineering and implantology.

In Vivo Bone Tissue Engineering Strategies: Advances and Prospects

“…Natarajan et al presented the group of rare earth metal-based nanoparticles (cerium, gold, europium, gadolinium and others) as emerging perspective biomaterials for BTE. According to the study results these materials provide unique biocompatibility, osteogenic, antimicrobial, antioxidant, angiogenic, immunomodulatory, and anti-inflammatory properties [ 129 ].…”

“…While analyzing the application of different scaffolds for BTE, the presented literature review demonstrates the tendency to combine various biocompatible materials with appropriate properties [ 27 , 44 , 118 , 129 , 130 , 131 ]. Despite the above-mentioned variety of biomimetic, biodegradable, and mechanically stable materials, scientists continue efforts to create an ideal scaffold for BTE purposes.…”

A Comprehensive Review of Electrospun Fibers, 3D-Printed Scaffolds, and Hydrogels for Cancer Therapies

“…Anticancer therapies are a very challenging and complex field with many obstacles to overcome [ 189 ]. Many methods of forming biomaterials dedicated to anticancer therapies are being widely investigated [ 190 ].…”

Nanomaterials in Bone Regeneration

“…Rapid progress in the field of biomaterials nanotechnologies contributes to the solution to growing demands on the number of functional bone grafts and implants. To date, the biomedical uses of nanomaterials have been extensively reviewed [1][2][3]. Tissue engineering is a multidisciplinary field that applies the principles of mechanical engineering, material science, and life sciences with the aim of developing biological substitutes that restore, maintain, and improve tissue function by preparing porous three-dimensional scaffolds [4].…”