Rational Design of Nanozymes Enables Advanced Biochemical Sensing

Abstract

In comparison with bioenzymes, nanozymes exhibit excellent robustness against extreme conditions, a low production cost, and easy-to-adjust properties, as well as potential versatility. These superiorities have attracted abundant interest in the last 15 years, to develop various nanozymes for applications including analytical sensing, environmental engineering, and biomedicine. In particular, for analytical sensing, a lot of nanozyme-involved principles and methods have been explored and applied to clinical diagnosis, environmental monitoring, food safety detection, and forensic analysis. Moreover, rational exploitation and use of nanozyme materials promote the performance of analytical methods. To highlight the latest progress in this attractive field, recent design concepts of nanozymes for advanced biochemical sensing are summarized. The development of single-atom nanozymes, self-cascade nanozymes, structurally biomimetic nanozymes, molecularly imprinted nanozymes, nanozymes breaking the pH limit, and multifunctional nanozymes is discussed in detail, to enhance detection sensitivity and selectivity, as well as expand application scenarios. Finally, some challenges and trends related to nanozyme-based sensors are reported, to satisfy the increasing needs of biochemical analysis with nanozymes.

Rhodium‐Based Nanozymes: Recent Advances and Challenges

“…Rh‐based nanozymes generally have the property of high peroxidase POD‐like activity and oxidase OXD‐like activity. Therefore, the basic idea of Rh‐based nanozymes detection application is to make the substrate decompose by primary treatment to produce H 2 O 2 , react with TMB and other chromogenic reagents after the reaction, and use different analytical means such as a colorimetric method for detection and sensing [48] …”

“…In addition to detection and biomedical therapeutics, the initial applications of nanozymes are in the industrial field, such as chemical synthesis, fuel treatment, or pollutant removal [48,95] . Nowadays, Rh‐based nanozymes are also used in industrial research, especially in energy chemistry, where Rh‐based nanozymes offer new possibilities for developing carbon‐free energy materials.…”

Recent progress in nanozyme-based sensors for ion detection: strategies, trends, and challenges

“…11,12 This attractive feature makes them intensively employed as alternatives to natural enzymes or catalytic labels in various biochemical analyses. [13][14][15][16][17] Figure 1. Principles for ion detection based on nanozyme catalysis.…”

“…11,12 This attractive feature makes them intensively employed as alternatives to natural enzymes or catalytic labels in various biochemical analyses. [13][14][15][16][17] As a typical example of analytical applications, various nanozymes have been explored to establish methods for toxic ion detection. Currently, there are mainly four principles developed to monitor ions based on nanozyme catalysis (Fig.…”

“…11,12 This attractive feature makes them intensively employed as alternatives to natural enzymes or catalytic labels in various biochemical analyses. 13–17…”