Reaction of Epoxides with Cotton Cellulose in the Presence of Sodium Hydroxide

McKelvey, John B.; Webre, Beverly G.; Klein, Elias

doi:10.1177/004051755902901111

Cited by 45 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…Washing the sodium cellulose with dry ethanol to remove excess aqueous NaOH prior to the reaction was found to have no effect on the product, POSS content, or product yield. This is in contrast with the phenyl glycidyl ether reactions examined by McKelvey et al (1959); who found that the presence of some water was necessary to swell the cellulose and facilitate the reaction in toluene. It was found through FTIR and TGA analyses (see Section 3.4) that the final products required extensive washing to remove unbound residual POSS; so products were soxhlet extracted for 48 h using the same solvent as the reaction.…”

Section: Reaction Conditionsmentioning

confidence: 59%

“…Nanofibrillated cellulose fibers were modified with a glycidyl POSS compound using a procedure similar to that reported for phenyl glycidyl ether cellulose (McKelvey, Webre, & Klein, 1959). Cellulose (1 g) was alkaliated using a 15% by mass aqueous NaOH solution (20 mL) for 1 h. The Na-cellulose was filtered using a sintered glass crucible (4-8 m), then was thoroughly washed with dry ethanol and filtered until its wet uptake was 200% by mass.…”

Section: Modification Of Cellulosementioning

confidence: 99%

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Char-forming behavior of nanofibrillated cellulose treated with glycidyl phenyl POSS

Fox

Lee

Zammarano

et al. 2012

Carbohydrate Polymers

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Fox, Douglas M.; Lee, Jieun; Zammarano, Mauro; Katsoulis, Dimitris; Eldred, Donald V.; Haverhals, Luke M.; Trulove, Paul C.; DeLong, Hugh C.; and Gilman, Jeffery W., "Char-forming behavior of nanofibrillated cellulose treated with glycidyl phenyl POSS" (2012 a b s t r a c tCellulose-reinforced composites have received much attention due to their structural reinforcing, light weight, biodegradable, non-toxic, low cost and recyclable characteristics. However, the tendency for cellulose to aggregate and its poor dispersion in many polymers, such as polystyrene, continues to be one of the most challenging roadblocks to large scale production and use of cellulose-polymer composites. In this study, nanofibrillated cellulose (NFC) is modified using GlycidylPhenyl-POSS (a polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane). The product yield, morphology, and crystallinity are characterized using a variety of spectroscopy and microscopy techniques. Thermal analyses are performed using thermal gravimetric analysis and pyrolysis combustion flow calorimetry.

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Section: Reaction Conditionsmentioning

confidence: 59%

Section: Modification Of Cellulosementioning

confidence: 99%

Char-forming behavior of nanofibrillated cellulose treated with glycidyl phenyl POSS

Fox

Lee

Zammarano

et al. 2012

Carbohydrate Polymers

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“…Analyses of fabrics treated with potassium thiocyanate, sodium thiosulfate, sodium sulfite, and an imidazoline derivative indicate all to be coreactants. These analyses, recorded in Table II, show that an appreciablẽ (9). Untreated cotton (0) also is shown.…”

Section: Screening Of C Oreodont Curing Agentsmentioning

confidence: 76%

The Use of Coreactant Curing Agents with a Diepoxide to Impart Wrinkle Resistance to Cotton Fabrics

Reinhardt

Kullman

Moore

et al. 1961

Textile Research Journal

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Wrinkle resistance can be imparted to cotton fabrics with a diepoxide when certain coreactant curing agents are used. Such materials coreact to become a part of the finished product and introduce linkages and chemical groups which differ from those obtained when a true catalyst is used. Several coreactants including, for example. phthalic anhydride, citric acid, 1-aminoethyl-2-methyl-imidazoline, triethanolamine, and potassium thiocyanate, were used with 1,3-diglycidylglycerol as the diepoxide. In some cases mere deposition seemed to occur while in other cases cross-linkage was accomplished. Some indications of the types of reaction were obtained from infrared data and from the responses of the treated fabrics to various classes of dyes. In some cases coreaction between the diepoxide and the curing agent appeared to take place at relatively low temperatures, producing improved wrinkle resistance. Phthalic anhydride was used to investigate this aspect in more detail.For comparison with the coreactant materials, several acid salts were used as catalysts, and the results are reported. Among the more suitable acid catalysts are magnesium perchlorate, aluminum sulfate, and zinc fluoborate.The inorganic acid catalysts produced fabrics with excellent durability and wrinkle resistance. Tearing strength losses, however, were greater with epoxide-treated cotton than those observed, at equivalent crease recovery angle, when a typical methylolamide finishing agent with catalyst was used. The durability to alkaline solutions of some of the epoxide finishes applied with coreactant curing agents was not as good as that of fabrics prepared with the inorganic acid catalysts. Tearing strength and wrinkle resistance of epoxide-treated cotton can be improved by inclusion of additives such as polvethylene, acrylic polymer, or silicone, in the finishing bath.

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“…It was noted by Mercer that alkali-treated cellulose exhibits, among other things, greater moisture regain and greater depth of color in dyeing (greater reactivity), probably due to newly freed hydroxyl groups. This greater reactivity has been pointed out [36] as a reason for the maxima in weight gain of various epoxides obtained at maximum alkali swelling with cotton yarn.…”

Section: Effect Of -Ilkali On Cottonmentioning

confidence: 89%

“…' 4. E~o.rides and Wet Creasr R~~oz~c~r~Õ ne must exercise care in comparing epoxide finishes with formaldehyde finishes, because here we are dealing with a class of compounds that vary widely in reactivity for reasons pointed out previously [36,38,40].…”

Section: Cotton Cell Ulose ~And Water 'mentioning

confidence: 99%

The Nature of Wet Crease Recovery in Cotton—A Review

McKelvey

1964

Textile Research Journal

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Intro4uction, Unfinished cotton fabrics that have heen desizecl, ' scoured, and bleached are usually less resilient when wet tjiati when conditioned to &dquo;dryness&dquo; at 65% RH at 25° C. Thus 80 X 80 fabric has been found to have dry conditioned recovery angles of 195°' (warp plus filling) and 165 (W + F) when wet.On occasion, other memlers of this laboratory have observed cotton fahric in which the dry and wet crease recovery angles were of equal value and one sample at least with the wet recovery angle higher than the dry value. These anomalies are helieved to le due to the severity of, or the lack of severity of, the purification process and perhaps to the structure and history of the fabrics. It has been, experimentally shown that numerous reagents cause an elevation of both the dry and wet recovery angles, and the reagents which have been successful in textile finishing for wash-wear have heen dior '. poly functional. However, in the field o~ epoxide and formaldehyde finishing it has been found possiblẽ to elevate the wet crease angle without changing the dry angle very much, although sometimes with epoxide-treated fabrics the dry angle is definitely less than that of the untreated control. Gross deposition of re~n to cause &dquo;spot welding&dquo; of fibers or l~cril>l~eral deposition, as described by Steele 1701 I and Marsh [41], will not be considered in tliis discttssion. although noted in passing.From the number of references in the literature to wet crease recovery alone it would appear that the phenomenon has been rather widely observed over a considerable period of time. And since there is such a variety of reagents that can cause it under many different conditions of reaction, it is possible that what is being observed are several effects superimposed upon one another. The two most common reagents capable of making cotton crease resistant in the wet state alone are formaldehyde (or donors of it) and epichlorohydrin (or its precursors). However, as this review will show, the choice of a reagent is not limited to these two.IZeference will also 1>e made to effects of alkali alone on cotton, and, as will be pointed out, strong alkali (15-25% NaOH ) is used as a &dquo;catalyst&dquo; in preparing various cellulose derivatives, particularly the ethers. It is possible to cause improvement in 1 One of the laboratories of the Southern Utilization Research and Development Division,

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Reaction of Epoxides with Cotton Cellulose in the Presence of Sodium Hydroxide

Abstract: The reactions of various commercially available epoxides with cotton cellulose in the presence of sodium hydroxide have been investigated at 25°, 50°, and 95° C. The effects of solvents and alkali content of the yarn steep on the epoxy add-on have been studied.

Cited by 45 publications

References 21 publications

Char-forming behavior of nanofibrillated cellulose treated with glycidyl phenyl POSS

Char-forming behavior of nanofibrillated cellulose treated with glycidyl phenyl POSS

The Use of Coreactant Curing Agents with a Diepoxide to Impart Wrinkle Resistance to Cotton Fabrics

The Nature of Wet Crease Recovery in Cotton—A Review

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