Reactive and eccentric strength contribute to stiffness regulation during maximum velocity sprinting in team sport athletes and highly trained sprinters

Douglas, Jamie; Pearson, Simon; Ross, Angus; McGuigan, Mike

doi:10.1080/02640414.2019.1678363

Cited by 34 publications

(41 citation statements)

References 26 publications

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“…Examples of neural adaptations are increased neural drive and activation, increased motor unit recruitment, increased rate coding and improved intra-muscular coordination (e.g., diversification of sensorimotor solutions; reduced antagonistic activation, increased synergistic activation and stiffness in highly similar patterns of recruitment to the target task [26,212,[216][217][218]). Morphological adaptations can be categorised as either architectural adaptations (e.g., increased cross-sectional area, changes in pennation angle, fascicle length and stiffness [tendon and passive elements] [26,195,212,[216][217][218]) or structural adaptations (e.g., fibre Subgroup analyses were performed on SMD between post and pre-intervention sprint performance outcome. Some studies were not included because the value used for subgroup analysis was not reported or did not match the appropriate categories Bold font = p < 0.05 N/A data not available, SMD standardised mean differences and CI confidence interval a Less than three studies in this training group type transitions, the collagen content of extracellular matrix and the shift in expression of myosin heavy chain isoforms [26,212,[216][217][218]).…”

Section: Subgroup Analyses Of Training Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The high degree of heterogeneity reflects the diversity of the training effects presented. This is likely due to wide variation in the intervention characteristics, including training principles (e.g., frequency [73], duration [75,96], intensity [66,192], volume [111], other training completed), population characteristics (e.g., sex [106,193], chronological age [157], maturation [45], code [42], playing standard [40,97], playing position, baseline physical characteristics [182] and training experience [168]) and performance monitoring methodology (e.g., equipment [99,105], start position [194], environmental factors [37], testing frequency and re-test time point [195,196]). Therefore, although the supplementary tables (Electronic Supplementary Material Tables S1-S3) provide a summary of training methods for all 121 papers included in this meta-analysis, caution is warranted when interpreting the findings of this review and their implications for practice as the variation of the effect sizes demonstrates that training response is highly individualised.…”

Section: Summary Of Interventions To Develop Short-sprint Performancementioning

confidence: 99%

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The Training of Short Distance Sprint Performance in Football Code Athletes: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

et al. 2020

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Background Short-sprint (≤ 20 m) performance is an important quality for success in the football codes. Therefore, developing an evidence base for understanding training methods to enhance short-sprint performance is key for practitioners. However, current systematic reviews are limited by (1) a lack of focus on football code athletes, (2) a lack of consideration of all training modalities and (3) a failure to account for the normal training practices undertaken by intervention groups within their analysis. Therefore, this review aimed to (1) conduct a systematic review of the scientific literature evaluating training interventions upon short-sprint performance within football code athletes, (2) undertake a meta-analysis to assess the magnitude of change of sport-sprint performance following training interventions and (3) identify how moderator variables affect the training response. Methods A systematic search of electronic databases was conducted. A random-effects meta-analysis was performed to establish standardised mean difference with 95% confidence intervals. This identified the magnitude and direction of the individual training effects of intervention subgroups (primary, secondary, combined-specific, tertiary and combined training methods) on short-sprint performance while considering moderator variables (i.e., football code, sex, age, playing standard, phase of season). Results 121 studies met the inclusion criteria, totalling 3419 athletes. Significant improvements (small-large) were found between pre- and post-training in short-sprint performance for the combined, secondary, tertiary and combined-specific training methods. No significant effect was found for primary or sport only training. No individual mode was found to be the most effective. Between-subgroup analysis identified that football code, age, playing standard and phase of season all moderated the overall magnitude of training effects. Conclusions This review provides the largest systematic review and meta-analysis of short-sprint performance development methods and the only one to assess football code athletes exclusively. Practitioners can apply combined, secondary and tertiary training methods to improve short-sprint performance within football code athletes. The application of sport only and primary methods does not appear to improve short-sprint performance. Regardless of the population characteristics, short-sprint performance can be enhanced by increasing either or both the magnitude and the orientation of force an athlete can generate in the sprinting action. Trial Registration OSF registration https://osf.io/kshqn/.

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Section: Subgroup Analyses Of Training Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Summary Of Interventions To Develop Short-sprint Performancementioning

confidence: 99%

The Training of Short Distance Sprint Performance in Football Code Athletes: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

et al. 2020

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“…Other researchers [5,11] have utilised a three-second eccentric squat to determine maximal eccentric strength in athletes that was largely dependent on subjective determination of the failure threshold. Douglas et al [15] addressed this by adding an objective velocity standard to their testing protocol.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Eccentric Force-Velocity Characteristics during a Novel Squat Protocol in Trained Rugby Union Athletes—Pilot Study

McNeill

Beaven

McMaster

et al. 2021

JFMK

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Eccentric strength characteristics have been shown to be important factors in physical performance. Many eccentric tests have been performed in isolation or with supramaximal loading. The purpose of this study was to investigate within- and between- session reliability of an incremental eccentric back squat protocol. Force plates and a linear position transducer captured force-time-displacement data across six loading conditions, separated by at least seven days. The reliability of eccentric specific measurements was assessed using coefficient of variation (CV), change in mean, and intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC). Eccentric peak force demonstrated good ICC (≥0.82) and TE (≤7.3%) for each load. Variables based on mean data were generally less reliable (e.g., mean rate of force development, mean force, mean velocity). This novel protocol meets acceptable levels of reliability for different eccentric-specific measurements although the extent to which these variables affect dynamic performance requires further research.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The contribution of RSI to LLS regulation in highly trained sprinters has been demonstrated [ 16 ]. In that study, the authors reported large associations between RSI, calculated through a 0.5 m DJ, and very large Kvert with maximum velocity [ 16 ]. However, to the authors’ knowledge, the connections between RSI and LLS at a slower velocity remain unknown as well as the effect of aging in both variables.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Relationship between Reactive Strength and Leg Stiffness at Submaximal Velocity: Effects of Age on Distance Runners

Jaén-Carrillo

Cartón-Llorente

Lozano

et al. 2021

IJERPH

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Background: Musculotendinous reactive strength is a key factor for the utilization of elastic energy in sporting activities such as running. AIM: To evaluate the relationship between musculotendinous reactive strength and lower-limb stiffness during running as well as to identify age-related differences in both variables. Methods: Fifty-nine amateur endurance runners performed three 20-cm drop jumps and a constant 3-min easy run on a motorized treadmill. Reactive strength index and dynamic lower-limb stiffness were calculated with a photoelectric cell system by jumping and running, respectively. Additionally, sit to stand difference in plantar arch height was assessed as a static lower-limb stiffness measure. The cluster analysis allows the comparison between younger and older runners. Results: No significant correlations were found between jumping reactive strength and running lower-limb stiffness. The younger group performed better at drop jumps (p = 0.023, ES = 0.82), whereas higher-but-no-significant results were found for reactive strength index and stiffness-related metrics. Conclusions: Musculotendinous vertical reactiveness may not be transferred to combined vertical and horizontal movements such as running.

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Reactive and eccentric strength contribute to stiffness regulation during maximum velocity sprinting in team sport athletes and highly trained sprinters

Cited by 34 publications

References 26 publications

The Training of Short Distance Sprint Performance in Football Code Athletes: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

The Training of Short Distance Sprint Performance in Football Code Athletes: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Eccentric Force-Velocity Characteristics during a Novel Squat Protocol in Trained Rugby Union Athletes—Pilot Study

Relationship between Reactive Strength and Leg Stiffness at Submaximal Velocity: Effects of Age on Distance Runners

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