Reactive Extrusion:  Toward Nanoblends

Hu, Guohua; Cartier, Hervé; Plummer, C. J. G.

doi:10.1021/ma981924y

Cited by 121 publications

(82 citation statements)

References 8 publications

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“…The formation of the acyl caprolactam initiator (2) was achieved by reaction between the SiO 2 -NCO and ε-caprolactam. The second step involved silica-bound acyl caprolactam initiated 'activated monomer polymerization' [21,22]. Considering that the isocyanate functionalities are attached to the silica surface, isocyanate dimerization or trimerization reactions were not observed [23,24], allowing the polymerizations to proceed smoothly.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Preparation of polyamide 6/silica nanocomposites from silica surface initiated ring-opening anionic polymerization

Yang¹,

Gao²,

He³

et al. 2007

Express Polym. Lett.

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Abstract. Polyamide 6/silica nanocomposites were synthesized by in situ ring-opening anionic polymerization of ε-caprolactam in the presence of sodium caprolactamate as a catalyst and caprolactam-functionalized silica as an initiator. The initiator precursor, isocyanate-functionalized silica, was prepared by directly reacting commercial silica with excess toluene 2,4-diisocyanate. This polymerization was found to occur in a highly efficient manner at relatively low reaction temperature (170°C) and short reaction times (6 h). FTIR spectroscopy was utilized to follow the introduction and consumption of isocyanate groups on the silica surface. Thermogravimetric analysis indicated that the polyamide 6 was successfully grown from the silica surface. Transmission electron microscopy was utilized to image polymer-functionalized silica, showing fine dispersion of silica particles and their size ranging from 20 to 40 nm.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Preparation of polyamide 6/silica nanocomposites from silica surface initiated ring-opening anionic polymerization

Yang¹,

Gao²,

He³

et al. 2007

Express Polym. Lett.

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“…Usually those polymer blends are referred to as nanoblends [1]. Although, the same terminology can be found in the literature to describe mixture of inorganic nanoparticles with polymer, which should mostly be referred as nanocomposites [2].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…There are several approaches to obtain nanoblends. Reactive extrusion has been used to produce nanostructured polymer blends based on polyamides [1]. In situ blend polymerization has also been used to develop several kind of nanoblends [6,7].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

PMMA/SAN and SAN/PBT nanoblends obtained by blending extrusion using thermodynamics and microrheology basis

Costa¹,

Neto²,

Hage³

2014

Express Polym. Lett.

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Abstract. Styrene-Acrylonitrile (SAN) copolymer has been blended to poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) and to poly(butylene terephthalate) (PBT) to obtain polymer nanoblends based on thermodynamics and microrheological aspects. PMMA/SAN and SAN/PBT blends show miscibility windows for a specific range of acrylonitrile (AN) content in the SAN copolymer. The phase diagram for both blends has been calculated using the interaction energy density parameter B as function of AN content in the SAN. A critical interaction energy density parameter, B crit , was also calculated to find the miscibility window for both SAN blends. For some of the used SAN in the blends it was possible to obtain nanoblends as the AN content would allow B values close to the B crit . For immiscible PMMA/SAN and SAN/PBT blends the disperse particle size was predicted using suitable equations and it was observed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Acrylic copolymers were used as compatibilizer to modify the interfacial tension and reduce the disperse phase dimensions. The compatibilizer has shown strong effect by reducing the interfacial tension and by preventing the coalescence effect. The compatibilized blends have shown disperse particle size within the nanoscale.

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“…Reactive blending, utilizing the concept of in-situ polymerization, and graft and block copolymerization lead to the creation of nanostructure blends. 1,2 So far the nanostructure blending is restricted to a handful of petroleum-based polymers, i.e., polyamide (PA), polypropylene (PP), and poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF). [1][2][3] In the midst of these polymers, polylactide (PLA) or polylactic acid is emerging as a promising thermoplastic polyester because of its renewable resource-based origin along with its biodegradability and biocompatibility.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…1,2 So far the nanostructure blending is restricted to a handful of petroleum-based polymers, i.e., polyamide (PA), polypropylene (PP), and poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF). [1][2][3] In the midst of these polymers, polylactide (PLA) or polylactic acid is emerging as a promising thermoplastic polyester because of its renewable resource-based origin along with its biodegradability and biocompatibility. 4 PLA can exist in three stereochemical forms: poly(L-lactide) (PLLA), poly(D-lactide) (PDLA), and poly(DL-lactide) (PDLLA).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Modification of Brittle Polylactide by Novel Hyperbranched Polymer-Based Nanostructures

2007

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The inherent brittleness of polylactide (PLA) poses considerable scientific challenges and limits its large-scale applications. Here, we propose and demonstrate a new industrially relevant methodology to develop a polylactide (PLA)-based nanoblend having outstanding stiffness-toughness balance. In this approach, a hydroxyl functional hyperbranched polymer (HBP) was in-situ cross-linked with a polyanhydride (PA) in the PLA matrix during melt processing. There was formation of new hyperbranched polymer-based cross-linked particles in the PLA matrix. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM) revealed the sea-island morphology of PLA-cross-linked HBP blend. The domain size of cross-linked HBP particles in the PLA matrix was less than 100 nm as obtained from TEM. The presence of cross-linked hyperbranched polymer in the PLA matrix exhibited ∼570% and ∼847% improvement in the toughness and elongation at break, respectively, as compared to unmodified PLA. The increase in the ductility of modified PLA was related to stress whitening and multiple crazing initiated in the presence of cross-linked HBP particles. Formation of a networked interface as revealed by rheological data was associated with enhanced compatibility of the PLA-cross-linked HBP blend as compared to the PLA/HBP blend. The cross-linking reaction of HBP with PA was confirmed with the help of Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and low-temperature dynamical mechanical thermal analysis (DMTA).

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Reactive Extrusion: Toward Nanoblends

Cited by 121 publications

References 8 publications

Preparation of polyamide 6/silica nanocomposites from silica surface initiated ring-opening anionic polymerization

Preparation of polyamide 6/silica nanocomposites from silica surface initiated ring-opening anionic polymerization

PMMA/SAN and SAN/PBT nanoblends obtained by blending extrusion using thermodynamics and microrheology basis

Modification of Brittle Polylactide by Novel Hyperbranched Polymer-Based Nanostructures

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