“…Among them are the Muslim majority, i.e., Bangladesh, Egypt, Indonesia, and Pakistan (UNESCO Institute for Statistics, 2008). Using data from Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA) 2009, Yusuf (2020) showed that overall average scores of all Muslim majority countries in reading are lower than OECD's average (only 395.7). Students from Turkey have the highest score (464), followed by Dubai (UAE, 459), Jordan (405), Tunisia (404), and Indonesia (402).…”