“…McDonald, Schwartz, Lee, and Brown (2012) showed that steering wheel angle could be used to predict drowsiness related lane-departures six seconds before they occurred. Hanowski, Bowman, Alden, Wierewille, and Carrol (2008) made an attempt to assess driver drowsiness using an eye-closure measure and lane deviation performance, and showed that a multi-metric assessment system was more robust and effective than a single-metric assessment system using only an eye-closure measurement.…”