Recent Advances and Applications of Passive Harmonic RFID Systems: A Review

Mondal, Saikat; Kumar, Deepak; Chahal, Premjeet

doi:10.3390/mi12040420

Cited by 23 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 90 publications

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“…The output frequency is adjusted by the power supply current I. The frequency expression of the pulse generator is shown in formula (15), CL is the load capacitance, NS is the number of delay stages, and VH-VL is the output voltage swing. Each stage delay gate has two states of opening and closing, burrs occur in current I, and C1 is the filter capacitance of current I. C2 and R4 adjust the lower voltage limit of the oscillator to adjust the oscillation frequency.…”

Section: E Temperature Sensormentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In addition, radio frequency identification (RFID) tags are widely used due to their low cost, simple structure, and convenient data reading. Nowadays, the use of RFID in various applications such as supply chain management [10], public transportation [11]- [13], and access control [14] has become an unstoppable trend [15]. Recently, the combination of RFID and sensing systems have expanded the application of RFID to environmental monitoring [16]- [23] and healthcare [24]- [25].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A Low-Power Passive UHF Tag With High-Precision Temperature Sensor for Human Body Application

et al. 2022

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Radio frequency identification (RFID) tags are widely used in various electronic devices due to their low cost, simple structure, and convenient data reading. This topic aims to study the key technologies of ultra-high frequency (UHF) RFID tags and high-precision temperature sensors, and how to reduce the power consumption of the temperature sensor and the overall circuits while maintaining minimal loss of performance. Combined with the biomedicine, an innovative high-precision human UHF RFID chip for body temperature monitoring is designed. In this study, a ring oscillator whose output frequency is linearly related to temperature is designed and proposed as a temperature-sensing circuit by innovatively combining auxiliary calibration technology. Then, a binary counter is used to count the pulses, and the temperature is ultimately calculated. We designed a relaxation oscillator independent of voltage and current. The various types of resistors were used to offset the temperature deviation. A current mirror array calibration circuit is used to calibrate the process angle deviation of the clock circuit with a self-calibration algorithm. This study mainly contributes to reducing power consumption and improving accuracy. The total power consumption of the RF/analog front-end and temperature sensor is 7.65 μW. The measurement error of the temperature sensor in the range of 0-60 ℃ is less than ±0.1%, and the accuracy of the output frequency of the clock circuit is ±2.5%.

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Section: E Temperature Sensormentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Low-Power Passive UHF Tag With High-Precision Temperature Sensor for Human Body Application

et al. 2022

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“…Harmonic transponders have gained a growing popularity in Internet of Things applications [1][2][3][4]. Despite their drawbacks, which include the high conversion loss in the harmonic generation and the higher path loss experienced by the back-scattered higherorder harmonic components with respect to the fundamental tone, they have key features for many application scenarios.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Energy-Efficient Harmonic Transponder Based on On-Off Keying Modulation for Both Identification and Sensing

Palazzi

Roselli

Tentzeris

et al. 2022

Sensors

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This paper presents a novel passive Schottky-diode frequency doubler equipped with an on-off keying (OOK) modulation port to be used in harmonic transponders for both identification and sensing applications. The amplitude modulation of the second-harmonic output signal is achieved by driving a low-frequency MOSFET, which modifies the dc impedance termination of the doubler. Since the modulation signal is applied to the gate port of the transistor, no static current is drained. A proof-of-concept prototype was manufactured and tested, operating at 1.04 GHz. An on/off ratio of 23 dB was observed in the conversion loss of the doubler for an available input power of −10 dBm. The modulation port of the circuit was excited with a square wave (fm up to 15 MHz), and the measured sidebands in the spectrum featured a good agreement with the theory. Then, the doubler was connected to a harmonic antenna system and tested in a wireless experiment for fm up to 1 MHz, showing an excellent performance. Finally, an experiment was conducted where the output signal of the doubler was modulated by a reed switch used to measure the rotational speed of an electrical motor. This work opens the door to a new class of frequency doublers, suitable for ultra low-power harmonic transponders for identification and sensing applications.

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“…It is difficult to determine the positions of these pipelines accurately in urban areas, and thus harmonic Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) tags are used for detecting the locations of the complex underground pipeline network [24], minimizing accidental breakage of pipelines during excavation. Harmonic RFID systems are applicable in these and many other sensing applications, as they provide low self-jamming, accurate location information, and high resistance to phase noise [25]. In addition, harmonic radar has unique usage in security and military applications such as detecting hidden improvised explosive devices, weapons, and other man-made objects in clutter-rich environments [4,[26][27][28].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Classification of Electronic Devices Using a Frequency-Swept Harmonic Radar Approach

et al. 2022

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A new method to classify electronic devices using a Frequency-Swept Harmonic Radar (FSHR) approach is proposed in this paper. The FSHR approach enables us to utilize the frequency diversity of the harmonic responses of the electronic circuits. Unlike previous studies, a frequency-swept signal with a constant power is transmitted to Electronic Circuits Under Test (ECUTs). The harmonic response to a frequency-swept transmitted signal is found to be distinguishable for different types of ECUTs. Statistical and Fourier features of the harmonic responses are derived for classification. Later, the harmonic characteristics of the ECUTs are depicted in 3D harmonic and feature spaces for classification. Three-dimensional harmonic and feature spaces are composed of the first three harmonics of the re-radiated signal and the statistical or Fourier features, respectively. We extensively evaluate the performance of our novel method through Monte Carlo simulations in the presence of noise.

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Recent Advances and Applications of Passive Harmonic RFID Systems: A Review

Cited by 23 publications

References 90 publications

A Low-Power Passive UHF Tag With High-Precision Temperature Sensor for Human Body Application

A Low-Power Passive UHF Tag With High-Precision Temperature Sensor for Human Body Application

Energy-Efficient Harmonic Transponder Based on On-Off Keying Modulation for Both Identification and Sensing

Classification of Electronic Devices Using a Frequency-Swept Harmonic Radar Approach

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