Recent Advances and Progress in Development of the Field Effect Transistor Biosensor: A Review

Abstract

The vital utilization of biosensors in different domains has led to the design of much more precise and powerful biosensors, since they have the potential to attain information in a fast and simple manner compared to conventional assays. The present review describes the basic concepts, operation, and construction of biosensors and presented an ideology that choice of categorization, selection of immobilization method and advantages are crucial factors for an efficient and commercial biosensor. Amongst various biosensors, the field effect transistor (FET)-based biosensors have shown much more potential and immense advantages such as high detection ability and sensitivity for both neutral and charged biomolecules and, hence, have been explored comprehensively in the present review. This paper discusses the current challenges in device design by mainly focusing on the quantitative and qualitative performance parameters such as sensing surface properties, signal-to-noise ratio and various other factors, since consideration of these factors will eventually address the crucial concerns related to device design and practical limitations. The critical measures to translate the commercialization of biosensors in the market at a high pace have also been discussed. Hence, the discussion on device challenges illustrates that there is a scope of improvement in the areas such as short-channel effects, specificity and nanocavity filling factor for revolutionary advances in FET-based biosensors. Optimal selection of design rules and biosensing material has the potential to feature the next generation of biosensors. The present paper reports that following integrated multidisciplinary approaches and switching to nanotechnology in designing of FETbased biosensors can offer a lot of improvements in the practical key factors (such as low cost and reliability) and opportunities for the biosensors in the marketplace.

Electrochemical Biosensors for the Detection of SARS-CoV-2 and Other Viruses

“…On the other hand, DPV and SWV use pulse voltammetry, in which the electric potential pulses are applied at periodic intervals, providing the advantage of improved speed and sensitivity [ 16 , 52 , 53 ]. Field-effect transistor (FET) based biosensors are another method used for the detection of pathogens [ 54 , 55 , 56 , 57 , 58 , 59 ]. Similar to three-electrode cells, FET consists of three terminals: source, gate, and drain.…”

“…This leads to a change in conductivity being sent through the source-drain channel, based on which molecules are detected. FET provides an increased sensitivity and easier fabrication as compared to their predecessor bipolar junction transistors [ 55 ]. Hence, FET detect pathogens through changes in conductivity between source-drain channels that arise from the electric field of the sample environment.…”

Recent Advances in Nanotechnology-Based Biosensors Development for Detection of Arsenic, Lead, Mercury, and Cadmium

“…The measurable signal is generated based on the type of system, electrical activity, and analyte concentration. 66 In the presence of a biorecognition element such as an antibody or aptamer, analyte concentration changes lead to a shift in charge near the sensor interface. The gate section’s voltage is changed, followed by a voltage difference, and the drain current changes.…”

A Comprehensive Review on Tunnel Field-Effect Transistor (TFET) Based Biosensors: Recent Advances and Future Prospects on Device Structure and Sensitivity

“…Since the TFET can achieve the SS(SS < 60mv/dec) less than CFET, so recently a lot of research is going on for designing TFET based biosensors. The complete detail about the FET based biosensor is available in many literature surveys and research articles [19]. Currently there is a lot of progress in the development of TFET based biosensors but we are unable to get complete information regarding TFET based biosensors at one point.…”