The vital utilization of biosensors in different domains has led to the design of much more precise and powerful biosensors, since they have the potential to attain information in a fast and simple manner compared to conventional assays. The present review describes the basic concepts, operation, and construction of biosensors and presented an ideology that choice of categorization, selection of immobilization method and advantages are crucial factors for an efficient and commercial biosensor. Amongst various biosensors, the field effect transistor (FET)-based biosensors have shown much more potential and immense advantages such as high detection ability and sensitivity for both neutral and charged biomolecules and, hence, have been explored comprehensively in the present review. This paper discusses the current challenges in device design by mainly focusing on the quantitative and qualitative performance parameters such as sensing surface properties, signal-to-noise ratio and various other factors, since consideration of these factors will eventually address the crucial concerns related to device design and practical limitations. The critical measures to translate the commercialization of biosensors in the market at a high pace have also been discussed. Hence, the discussion on device challenges illustrates that there is a scope of improvement in the areas such as short-channel effects, specificity and nanocavity filling factor for revolutionary advances in FET-based biosensors. Optimal selection of design rules and biosensing material has the potential to feature the next generation of biosensors. The present paper reports that following integrated multidisciplinary approaches and switching to nanotechnology in designing of FETbased biosensors can offer a lot of improvements in the practical key factors (such as low cost and reliability) and opportunities for the biosensors in the marketplace.

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Diagnoses of Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) were confirmed using the Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule-2 nd Edition (ADOS-2) and Social Responsiveness Scale-2 nd Edition (SRS-2). In ADOS-2, raw scores from two domains-Social Affect (ADOS_SA) and Restricted and Repetitive Behaviors (ADOS_RRB) were summed [1]. The interviewer engaged the participant in a series of interactive behaviors, which were observed and scored on the basis of a scoring algorithm (0= no concern with behavior, 1= mild concern with behavior, 2= concern with behavior). The total scores were fixed in a range of 1-12, where higher scores indicate greater severity. On this basis, if a severity score ≥ 6 is achieved, the participant was classified as having an ASD.The SRS-2 is a parent-report evaluation of their child's ability to perceive social information and react pertinently in interactions with other persons [2]. This scale includes 3 items which cover the core deficits of autism, i.e., social deficits, interactive communication deficits, and reciprocal-repeated behavior pattern. In the present work, T-scores are used to mark the severity of the disorder in the participants. The total score of SRS involves the sum from five sub-scales: social awareness, social communication, social cognition, social motivation, and restrictedrepetitive behavior. The T-scores ≥75 reflect a higher severity, in a range (66-75) reflects moderate, in 60-65 reflects mild and ≤59 represents a normal participant.In the present paper, a Malin's Intelligence Scale for Indian Children (MISIC) [3] was utilized to determine the intelligence quotient (IQ). It is the Indian adaptation of Wechsler's Intelligence Scale for children. It gives a full IQ score based on two sub-domains: Verbal IQ and Performance IQ. Each sub-domain comprises 6 sub-tests: (i) Verbal involves vocabulary, information, general comprehension, arithmetic, analogy & digit span test.; (ii) Performance involves picture completion, block design, picture arrangement, object assembly, coding numbers, and tracing mazes. It is valid for the children in the age range of 6-15 years. It is conducted individually and lasts for approximately 2 to 2.5 hours.The values of these diagnostic measures are provided in a tabular form in table S1. The normality of the data is checked using a test, namely the Shapiro-Wilk test. The parameters skewness (s)-a measure of the symmetry and kurtosis (k)-a measure of the probability of two tails. Here we attained-(i)negative values of 'k,' which reflects that the data distribution with flatter peak and light tails compared to normal distribution.; (ii)positive values of 's' which reflects longer right-hand tail than left-hand tail; (iii) negative values of 's' which reflects longer left-hand tail than the right-hand tail. The values among both group participants were compared using paired samples t-test at a significance level of 0.05.

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