Recent Advances in Portable Biosensors for Biomarker Detection in Body Fluids

Abstract

A recent development in portable biosensors allows rapid, accurate, and on-site detection of biomarkers, which helps to prevent disease spread by the control of sources. Less invasive sample collection is necessary to use portable biosensors in remote environments for accurate on-site diagnostics and testing. For non- or minimally invasive sampling, easily accessible body fluids, such as saliva, sweat, blood, or urine, have been utilized. It is also imperative to find accurate biomarkers to provide better clinical intervention and treatment at the onset of disease. At the same time, these reliable biomarkers can be utilized to monitor the progress of the disease. In this review, we summarize the most recent development of portable biosensors to detect various biomarkers accurately. In addition, we discuss ongoing issues and limitations of the existing systems and methods. Lastly, we present the key requirements of portable biosensors and discuss ideas for functional enhancements.

A Portable and Flexible Self-Powered Multifunctional Sensor for Real-Time Monitoring in Swimming

“…Flexible biosensors have received extensive attention in the field of clinical medicine and exercise rehabilitation, and more advanced nanomaterials have been used to monitor human health-related actions [ 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 ]. Physical exercises can not only prevent diseases, but also assist physical rehabilitation.…”

Point-of-Care Diagnoses and Assays Based on Lateral Flow Test

“…Disposable urine test strips for multiple biochemical parameters and glucose biosensors for a fast glycemia assay can be mentioned as the standard commercial devices. Research on diagnostical biosensors is ongoing, and a number of new biosensor devices suitable for point-of-care testing have been investigated [1][2][3][4][5]. Other types of point-of-care tests like the colorimetric one based on a digital camera are developed [6][7][8][9].…”

Rapid RNase inhibitor production to enable low‐cost, on‐demand cell‐free protein synthesis biosensor use in human body fluids

“…This platform leverages the open nature of the CFPS reaction environment and residual cytosolic reduction pathways (Knapp et al, 2007) to incorporate folding chaperons and manipulate redox potential for optimal m‐RI folding and achieved soluble titers approaching 750 µg/ml in 2 h. Then, CFPS reactions expressing sfGFP reporter protein containing 30% human saliva (which contains high concentrations of RNases) were utilized to assess the expression‐dependent activity of m‐RIs to ensure optimal RNase‐inhibition as well as expression yield. Next, the productivity of lyophilized CFPS reactions incorporating highly active and stable in‐house m‐RI was assessed in presence of three human fluids (saliva, serum, and urine) relevant in diagnosis and treatments (Senf et al, 2020; Zhang et al, 2019). Lastly, a lyophilized glutamine biosensor was developed as a proof‐of‐concept application for an on‐demand saliva‐based biosensor.…”