Recent Developments in Carriers and Non-Aqueous Solvents for Enzyme Immobilization

Abstract

Immobilization techniques are generally based on reusing enzymes in industrial applications to reduce costs and improve enzyme properties. These techniques have been developing for decades, and many methods for immobilizing enzymes have been designed. To find a better immobilization method, it is necessary to review the recently developed methods and have a clear overview of the advantages and limitations of each method. This review introduces the recently reported immobilization methods and discusses the improvements in enzyme properties by different methods. Among the techniques to improve enzyme properties, metal–organic frameworks, which have diverse structures, abundant organic ligands and metal nodes, offer a promising platform.

Effects of morphology and pore size of mesoporous silicas on the efficiency of an immobilized enzyme

“…As a result, they have attracted great interest as matrix materials for enzyme immobilization. [11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23] Various studies have shown that MCM-41 materials have a pore size of just 3.0 nm, and are thus limited to the immobilization of enzymes with small sizes. [15][16][17] Furthermore, despite their high surface areas (ca.…”

Immobilization of the extracellular recombinant Lucky9 xylanase from Bacillus subtilis enhances activity at high temperature and pH

“…In general, the use of free xylanase is often hampered by its lack of reusability, high production costs, low enzymatic activity and high consumption. However, immobilized enzymes can be reused in multiple cycles to reduce the production costs and overcome such technical bottlenecks [9,10].…”

Recent Advances in Enzyme-Nanostructure Biocatalysts with Enhanced Activity

“…The morphology of nanoscale supports has a great impact on the enhancement of enzyme activities and the stability of nanobiocatalysts ( Figure 2) [12]. Continuous efforts have yielded many nanostructured supports with various morphologies to provide a large surface area for increased enzyme loading and reduced diffusion resistance [21,79]. Many enzyme immobilization strategies have been developed in consideration of the optimal morphology of supports for minimizing the effect of conformation distortions and the deactivation of immobilized enzymes.…”

“…Nanobiocatalysts with increased enzyme activity can be obtained via either covalent binding, adsorption, entrapment, or encapsulation [5,6,14,15]. The structure of nanoscale supports, such as nanoparticles, nanowires, microspheres, metal-organic frameworks, and nanoflowers, has also drawn extensive attention in recent years [5,[16][17][18][19][20][21][22]. A great deal of effort has also been made to design nanostructured supports with a variety of components including noble metal (e.g.…”

“…This review provides a comprehensive description of recent advances in the field of nanobiocatalysts, with systematic elaboration of the underlying mechanisms of activity enhancement, including metal ion activation, electron transfer, morphology effects, mass transfer limitations, and conformation changes. The nanobiocatalysts highlighted here are expected to provide an insight into enzyme-nanostructure interaction, and provide a guideline for future design of high-efficiency nanobiocatalysts in both fundamental research and practical applications.Catalysts 2020, 10, 338 2 of 15 nanoscale supports, such as nanoparticles, nanowires, microspheres, metal-organic frameworks, and nanoflowers, has also drawn extensive attention in recent years [5,[16][17][18][19][20][21][22]. A great deal of effort has also been made to design nanostructured supports with a variety of components including noble metal (e.g., Au) [23,24], metal oxides (e.g., Cu 2 O, Fe 3 O 4 , SiO 2 , Ti 8 O 15 , alumina) [16,25-33], polymer (e.g., Cu 2+ /PAA/PPEGA matrix, aldehyde-derived Pluronic polymer, polycaprolactone) [34-36], metal-organic frameworks (e.g., zeolitic imidazolate framework) [37-39], carbon based (e.g., carbon dots, carbon nanotubes) [40-44], and complex compounds (e.g., Cu 3 (PO 4 ) 2 ·3H 2 O, Ca 3 (PO 4 ) 2 , Co 3 (PO 4 ) 2 ·8H 2 O, Mn 3 (PO 4 ) 2 , Ca 8 H 2 (PO 4 ) 6 , Cu 4 (OH) 6 )SO 4 , CaHPO 4 , Zn 3 (PO 4 ) 2 , Mg-Al layered double hydroxide, CdSe/ZnS quantum dots) [17,[45][46][47][48][49][50][51][52][53][54][55][56][57][58][59].…”