Recent Developments in the Formulation and Use of Polymers and Particles of Plant‐based Origin for Emulsion Stabilizations

Abstract

The main scope of this Review was the recent progress in the use of plant‐based polymers and particles for the stabilization of Pickering and non‐Pickering emulsion systems. Due to their availability and promising performance, it was discussed how the source, modification, and formulation of cellulose, starch, protein, and lignin‐based polymers and particles would impact their emulsion stabilization. Special attention was given toward the material synthesis in two forms of polymeric surfactants and particles and the corresponding formulated emulsions. Also, the effects of particle size, degree of aggregation, wettability, degree of substitution, and electrical charge in stabilizing oil/water systems and micro‐ and macro‐structures of oil droplets were discussed. The wide range of applications using such plant‐based stabilizers in different technologies as well as their challenge and future perspectives were described.

Pickering Emulsions Stabilized by Lignin/Chitosan Nanoparticles for Biphasic Enzyme Catalysis

“…Based on the rising demand for sustainability, the worldwide motivation for plant-based natural ingredients is increasingly strong. At the same time, the topic of Pickering stabilization by plant-based particles (such as starch, cellulose, and protein) has attracted strong research attention in recent years. , However, synthetic emulsifiers are still widely used due to their high emulsification efficiency and low cost; what should be noted is their dual shortcomings of non-renewability of the precursors and lack of biodegradability also cannot be ignored. , Therefore, there is a broad prospect to develop new natural plant-based particle emulsifiers.…”

Electrolyte‐Controlled Permeability in Nanocellulose‐Stabilized Emulsions

“…Biopolymer nanoparticles, like the rod‐shaped cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs), are well‐established, effective emulsion stabilizers, which has been addressed in a wide range of recent reviews. [ 23–25,27,28 ] CNCs are isolated top‐down from plants or bacterial cellulose. Their surface chemistry is a result of the isolation approach—typically, acid hydrolysis—introducing, for example, negative charges (OSO 3 − or COO − ) to the nanocrystal surface.…”

“…[23][24][25][26] Hence, understanding these parameters and the mechanisms behind the particle assembly at liquid-liquid interfaces in detail, unfolds the full potential of PEs as material platform and ultimately facilitates commercial applications.Biopolymer nanoparticles, like the rod-shaped cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs), are well-established, effective emulsion stabilizers, which has been addressed in a wide range of recent reviews. [23][24][25]27,28] CNCs are isolated top-down from plants or bacterial cellulose. Their surface chemistry is a result of the isolation approach-typically, acid hydrolysis-introducing, for example, negative charges (OSO 3 − or COO − ) to the Particle-stabilized emulsions, so-called Pickering emulsions (PEs), are a promising low-tech avenue to precisely engineered materials for applications in drug delivery, catalysis, or water remediation.…”