2022
DOI: 10.1002/adsu.202100100
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Recent Progress in Production Methods for Cellulose Nanocrystals: Leading to More Sustainable Processes

Abstract: 202100100polymers, hemicelluloses and lignin, further assembling into cellulose fibers. Cellulose microfibrils are semicrystalline as the tight packing of cellulose chains at the biosynthesis site leads to the formation of crystalline regions which are stabilized by intra-and intermolecular hydrogen bonds as well as dispersion forces. [4] These crystalline regions are periodically separated by very short areas (a few nanometers) where the molecules are disordered but still aligned along the fiber axis. [5,6] T… Show more

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Cited by 62 publications
(44 citation statements)
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References 127 publications
(234 reference statements)
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“…where α is the transfer coefficient (usually approximated to 0.5), n ′ is the number of electrons transferred before rate determining step (n ′ = 1 and n = 2 for dopamine, assuming that the second electron transfer is the rate determining step) and the remaining parameters are same as eqn (1). Table 2 lists the ECSA values estimated from the main oxidation peak currents of 100 mV/s CV measurements with 1 mM Ru(NH 3 ) 6 2+/3+ (Fig.…”
Section: Electrochemical Behaviormentioning
confidence: 99%
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“…where α is the transfer coefficient (usually approximated to 0.5), n ′ is the number of electrons transferred before rate determining step (n ′ = 1 and n = 2 for dopamine, assuming that the second electron transfer is the rate determining step) and the remaining parameters are same as eqn (1). Table 2 lists the ECSA values estimated from the main oxidation peak currents of 100 mV/s CV measurements with 1 mM Ru(NH 3 ) 6 2+/3+ (Fig.…”
Section: Electrochemical Behaviormentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Cellulose, being the most abundant biopolymer on the planet, offers a sustainable alternative to petroleum-based synthetic polymers in various applications ranging from packaging to biotechnology. The successful extraction of nanoscale structures from plant-based cellulosic materials [1,2] has further augmented their applicability in the development of various high-value functional hybrid materials. [3][4][5][6] Plant-based nanocellulosic materials can be primarily classified into cellulose nanocrystals (CNC) composed of predominantly highly crystalline regions of cellulose units, and cellulose nanofibrils (CNF) containing both crystalline and disordered regions.…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
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“…[35] Despite different manufacturing methods such as mechanical, acid hydrolysis, and enzyme hydrolysis, [35] the main industrial route for isolation of CNCs is acid hydrolysis (e.g., sulfuric acid). [37] This enables to attach sulfate ester groups on CNC's surface, resulting in a negative electrostatic layer around the nanocrystal in aqueous solvents. [37,38] As a result, CNC can Dispersing carbon nanomaterials in solvents is effective in transferring their significant mechanical and functional properties to polymers and nanocomposites.…”
mentioning
confidence: 99%
“…[37] This enables to attach sulfate ester groups on CNC's surface, resulting in a negative electrostatic layer around the nanocrystal in aqueous solvents. [37,38] As a result, CNC can Dispersing carbon nanomaterials in solvents is effective in transferring their significant mechanical and functional properties to polymers and nanocomposites. However, poor dispersion of carbon nanomaterials impedes exploiting their full potential in nanocomposites.…”
mentioning
confidence: 99%