Recent progress on deep eutectic solvents in biocatalysis

Abstract

Deep eutectic solvents (DESs) are eutectic mixtures of salts and hydrogen bond donors with melting points low enough to be used as solvents. DESs have proved to be a good alternative to traditional organic solvents and ionic liquids (ILs) in many biocatalytic processes. Apart from the benign characteristics similar to those of ILs (e.g., low volatility, low inflammability and low melting point), DESs have their unique merits of easy preparation and low cost owing to their renewable and available raw materials. To better apply such solvents in green and sustainable chemistry, this review firstly describes some basic properties, mainly the toxicity and biodegradability of DESs. Secondly, it presents several valuable applications of DES as solvent/co-solvent in biocatalytic reactions, such as lipase-catalyzed transesterification and ester hydrolysis reactions. The roles, serving as extractive reagent for an enzymatic product and pretreatment solvent of enzymatic biomass hydrolysis, are also discussed. Further understanding how DESs affect biocatalytic reaction will facilitate the design of novel solvents and contribute to the discovery of new reactions in these solvents.

Utilization of waste tire rubber in hybrid plywood composite panel

“…These results were in good agreement with other studies performed by Ayrilmis et al . and Xu and Li . Mechanical properties of hybrid plywood panels are strongly influenced by the properties of their constituent materials, their volume ratio, and the interaction among them.…”

Enzymatic synthesis of vanillin and related catalytic mechanism

“…These additives include 6 surfactants (1 cationic, 2 anionic, and 3 nonionic), 10 organic solvents (5 hydrophobic and 5 hydrophilic), 8 DESs and 13 NADESs. DESs and NADESs are two new types of truly green nonaqueous solvents because of their natural components, and have been found to be able to promote biocatalytic reactions by activating and stabilizing enzymes or microbial cells . Unfortunately, none of these additives showed the ability of improving the production yield (see Figure S3 for the results obtained with DESs and NADESs as additives).…”

Deep Eutectic Solvents Based on Natural Ascorbic Acid Analogues and Choline Chloride

“…) coupled with interesting physicochemical properties (broad polarity range, electrical conductivity, high surface tension, good thermal stability etc. ) have prompted the application of DES within a plethora of fields including; organic synthesis, botanicals extraction, biopolymer processing, metal deposition, and biocatalysis …”