Recent progresses on alloy-based anodes for potassium-ion batteries

Abstract

Potassium-ion batteries (KIBs) are one of the most promising large-scale electric energy storage systems due to the high abundance and low redox potential of K. As the key component, anode determines their energy density and safety. Alloy-based anodes, such as P, Sn, Sb, and Bi, have attracted extensive attention due to their abundant resources, suitable working potentials, and large theoretical capacities. However, the dramatic volume variation upon (de)potassiation results in pulverization of particles and their detaching from the current collector accompanied with performance decay. Various strategies, including designing micro-/nanostructures, introducing carbon substrates, and optimizing electrode/electrolyte interface, have been demonstrated to effectively alleviate these issues. Herein, we summarize the recent research progresses on alloy-based materials in KIBs. The synthesis methods, electrochemical performance, reaction mechanisms, and structure-activity relationships of these materials are considered, and challenges and perspectives are provided. This review provides new insight into designing of high-activity electrode materials for KIBs and beyond.

Hybrid nanostructures for electrochemical potassium storage

“…40,41 The major shortcoming of alloying-type materials is the structural instability caused by the huge volume expansion during K insertion. 42 This leads to the pulverisation of the materials and poor cycling stability. In the case of electrochemically storing K + in Sn, the formation of the intermediate phase K 4 Sn 9 and nal phase KSn led to a volume change of 113% and 197%, respectively.…”

Nanosized CoSb Alloy Confined in Honeycomb Carbon Framework Toward High‐Property Potassium‐Ion and Sodium‐Ion Batteries

“…[4,5] Studies have shown that the antimonybase alloy is an ideal option for K þ /Na þ storage due to high theoretical gravimetric capacity (660 mAh g À1 ) based on the multielectron reaction and relative safe voltage, which can effectively inhibit the continuous solidÀelectrolyte interface film. [6][7][8][9] Unfortunately, the severe volume change of antimony during the alloying/dealloying process will cause electrode pulverization and lead to rapid capacity fading, which hinders the application of antimony-based materials. To ameliorate the electrochemical performance of antimony anode, many effective methods have been actively explored.…”

Effect of Cathode Microstructure on Electrochemical Properties of Sodium Nickel-Iron Chloride Batteries

“…Battery energy storage systems (BESSs) are an indispensable technology due to the global growth in electric energy consumption. Although various types of BESSs are available [ 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 ], most BESSs consist of lithium ion batteries (LIBs) because of their many advantages, such as high energy density and efficiency. However, in the BESS field, size enlargement of LIBs has proven difficult, and they also exhibit a safety issue.…”