Recent Trends in Biomaterials for Immobilization of Lipases for Application in Non-Conventional Media

Abstract

The utilization of biomaterials as novel carrier materials for lipase immobilization has been investigated by many research groups over recent years. Biomaterials such as agarose, starch, chitin, chitosan, cellulose, and their derivatives have been extensively studied since they are non-toxic materials, can be obtained from a wide range of sources and are easy to modify, due to the high variety of functional groups on their surfaces. However, although many lipases have been immobilized on biomaterials and have shown potential for application in biocatalysis, special features are required when the biocatalyst is used in non-conventional media, for example, in organic solvents, which are required for most reactions in organic synthesis. In this article, we discuss the use of biomaterials for lipase immobilization, highlighting recent developments in the synthesis and functionalization of biomaterials using different methods. Examples of effective strategies designed to result in improved activity and stability and drawbacks of the different immobilization protocols are discussed. Furthermore, the versatility of different biocatalysts for the production of compounds of interest in organic synthesis is also described.

Strategies for the Immobilization of Eversa® Transform 2.0 Lipase and Application for Phospholipid Synthesis

“…After that range, the addition of larger quantities of enzyme does not increase enzyme activity and, consequently, activity per mg of enzyme is reduced [21]. Furthermore, as mentioned above, those aggregates have a direct influence on obtaining derivatives with high enzyme loading, as although the aggregate dismembers on a gradual basis, the immobilization speed decreases and progresses very slowly [22,23]. ET2 has very high enzyme activity (3919.6 ± 0.5 U/g in soybean oil hydrolysis [5]), and several dilutions were needed to find out that linear behavior at the spectrophotometer (Figure S1), i.e., enzyme concentration lower than 0.02 mg/mL (enzyme content 0.002 mg) and specific activity of 85.77 ± 1.22 U/mg in p-NPB hydrolysis.…”

Applications of Ionic Liquids in Whole-Cell and Isolated Enzyme Biocatalysis

“…The main classes of gel material are inorganic oxide gels, organic polymer gels, and supramolecular gels (gel formation initiated by Low Molecular Weight Gelators) [ 102 , 103 , 104 ].…”

Enzyme entrapment, biocatalyst immobilization without covalent attachment

“…17,31,[35][36][37][38] Established enzyme immobilization materials and methods have been reviewed. 39,40,[41][42][43][44][45][46][47][48]49 This review focuses on emerging enzyme immobilization methods that do not require covalent attachment of the protein to the support (section 3 & 4). These methods, termed 'entrapment' methods, are complementary with protein optimization, as they allow the protein to be supported as optimized with no further modification.…”